Imagine-t-on Montesquieu, haut magistrat à la renommée assurée par les Lettres persanes et l'Esprit des lois, publier au crépuscule de sa vie un ouvrage sur les fantômes ? C'est ce que fit son contemporain, dom Augustin Calmet, abbé de Senones. Aux yeux de l'Europe, ce savant Bénédictin était un exégète et un historien de premier plan. La surprise n'en fut que plus grande et Voltaire ne retint pas ses quolibets. Le Traité sur les apparitions n'a cependant rien d'une lubie de vieillard ; il prolonge ce que dom Calmet avait écrit au sujet des anges, des démons et des spectres, dans son grand commentaire biblique.

Traité sur les apparitions des anges, des démons, et des âmes des défunts

The great number of authors who have written upon the apparitions of angels, demons, and disembodied souls is not unknown to me; and I do not presume sufficiently on my own capacity to believe that I shall succeed better in it than they have done, and that I shall enhance their knowledge and their discoveries. I am perfectly sensible that I expose myself to criticism, and perhaps to the mockery of many readers, who regard this matter as done with, and decried in the minds of philosophers, learned men, and many theologians. I must not reckon either on the approbation of the people, whose want of discernment prevents their being competent judges of this same. My aim is not to foment superstition, nor to feed the vain curiosity of visionaries, and those who believe without examination everything that is related to them as soon as they find therein anything marvelous and supernatural. I write only for reasonable and unprejudiced minds, which examine things seriously and coolly; I speak only for those who assent even to known truth but after mature reflection, who know how to doubt of what is uncertain, to suspend their judgment on what is doubtful, and to deny what is manifestly false.

History and Philosophy of Spirits, Demons and Apparitions

Every age, every nation, every country has its prejudices, its maladies, its customs, its inclinations, which characterize them, and which pass away, and succeed to one another; often that which has appeared admirable at one time, becomes pitiful and ridiculous at another. We have seen that in some ages all was turned towards a certain kind of devotion, of studies and of exercises. It is known that, for more than one century, the prevailing taste of Europe was the journey to Jerusalem. Kings, princes, nobles, bishops, ecclesiastics, monks, all pressed thither in crowds. The pilgrimages to Rome were formerly very frequent and very famous. All that is fallen away. We have seen provinces over-run with flagellants, and now none of them remain except in the brotherhoods of penitents which are still found in several parts.

We have seen in these countries jumpers and dancers, who every moment jumped and danced in the streets, squares or market-places, and even in the churches. The convulsionaries of our own days seem to have revived them; posterity will be surprised at them, as we laugh at them now. Towards the end of the sixteenth and at the beginning of the seventeenth century, nothing was talked of in Lorraine but wizards and witches. For a long time we have heard nothing of them. When the philosophy of M. Descartes appeared, what a vogue it had! The ancient philosophy was despised; nothing was talked of but experiments in physics, new systems, new discoveries. M. Newton appears; all minds turn to him. The system of M. Law, bank notes, the rage of the Rue Quinquampoix, what movements did they not cause in the kingdom? A sort of convulsion had seized on the French. In this age, a new scene presents itself to our eyes, and has done for about sixty years in Hungary, Moravia, Silesia, and Poland: they see, it is said, men who have been dead for several months, come back to earth, talk, walk, infest villages, ill use both men and beasts, suck the blood of their near relations, make them ill, and finally cause their death; so that people can only save themselves from their dangerous visits and their hauntings by exhuming them, impaling them, cutting off their heads, tearing out the heart, or burning them. These revenans are called by the name of oupires or vampires, that is to say, leeches; and such particulars are related of them, so singular, so detailed, and invested with such probable circumstances and such judicial information, that one can hardly refuse to cre

Dissertation on ghosts, demons and vampires

"Seit ungefähr sechzig Jahren hat sich in Ungarn, Polen, Schlesien und Mähren ein neues Schauspiel hervorgetan, indem dort Leute, die schon mehrere Jahre oder Monate zuvor verstorben sind, wieder zurückkommen, reden, gehen, die Dörfer beunruhigen, Menschen und Tiere misshandeln, ihren Verwandten das Blut aussaugen, ihnen Krankheiten und schließlich gar den Tod verursachen, und sich auch von solchen überlästigen und schädlichen Besuchen nicht zurückhalten lassen, bis man ihre Leiber wieder ausgräbt, spießt, ihnen das Haupt abschlägt, das Herz ausreißt, oder sie verbrennt..." 

(Augustin Calmet)

Gelehrte Verhandlung der Materie von den Erscheinungen der Geister, und der Vampire in Ungarn, Mähren, etc. - Ungekürzte Gesamtausgabe

Ouvrage écrit par Augustin Calmet, exégète et érudit bénédictin lorrain du XVIIIe siècle, connu sous le nom de Dom Calmet. Il a amassé de nombreux rapports sur les manifestations des vampires et considère que le vampirisme est la conséquence de la sous-alimentation des peuples balkaniques. Il décrit le vampire comme un "revenant en corps", le distinguant ainsi des revenants immatériels tels que les fantômes ou les esprits. Il fut critiqué par Voltaire dans son article "Vampire" du Dictionnaire philosophique.

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