Terme entré dans l'usage courant au cours de la première moitié du XIXe siècle, l'art roman distingue, en histoire de l'art, la période qui s'étend entre le début du XIe siècle jusqu'à la fin du XIIe siècle. Révélant une grande diversité d'écoles régionales, chacune démontrant ses spécificités, l'art roman, dans l'architecture comme dans la sculpture, est marqué par ses formes brutes. Par sa riche iconographie, au fil d'un texte captivant, cet ouvrage nous propose de redécouvrir cet art médiéval, encore souvent trop peu considéré face à l'art gothique qui lui succéda.

L'Art roman

Der vielfach talentierte Albrecht Dürer nimmt einen bedeutenden Platz in der Geschichte der deutschen Kunst ein. In einer Zeit, in der die italienischen Künstler die klassischen Techniken der Ölmalerei, Bildhauerei und Architektur zu neuen Hhen perfektionierten und dadurch glaubten, dass sie das wahre Kunstmonopol besäßen, widmete Dürer sich einem eher vernachlässigten Medium, dass nur im Buchdruck zur Anwendung kam. Er befreite Holzschnitt und Kupferstich von dieser einseitigen Rolle, führte beide Techniken zur Perfektion und räumte ihnen einen Platz im Olymp der angesehenen künstlerischen Techniken ein. Eine Leistung, die sogar Giorgio Vasari in seinen Biographien berühmter Künstler würdigte. In diesem Buch werden nicht nur die bekanntesten seiner Meisterstiche und Stichzyklen aufgeführt, sondern auch seinen weniger beachteten Aquarellen die ntige Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet.

Albrecht Dürer und Kunstwerke

The Baroque period lasted from the beginning of the seventeenth century to the middle of the eighteenth century. Baroque art was artists' response to the Catholic Church's demand for solemn grandeur following the Council of Trent, and through its monumentality and grandiloquence it seduced the great European courts. Amongst the Baroque arts, architecture has, without doubt, left the greatest mark in Europe: the continent is dotted with magnificent Baroque churches and palaces, commissioned by patrons at the height of their power. The works of Gian Lorenzo Bernini of the Southern School and Peter Paul Rubens of the Northern School alone show the importance of this artistic period. Rich in images encompassing the arts of painting, sculpture and architecture, this work offers a complete insight into this passionate period in the history of art.

Baroque Art

Das Wort Rokoko leitet sich wahrscheinlich von dem vermutlich in franzsischen Emigrantenkreisen aufgekommenen Wort ""rocaille"" (Muschel) ab. Diese Kunstrichtung entwickelte sich zu Beginn des 18. Jahrhunderts und breitete sich schnell in ganz Europa aus. Ihre verspielten und extravaganten Charakteristika standen im Einklang mit dem feinsinnigen Lebensgefühl der Aristokratie zu jener Zeit. In vielerlei Hinsicht gilt das Barock als Vorläufer dieser oft auch als Spätbarock bezeichneten Kunstrichtung. Während die Werke Tiepolos, Bouchers und Reynolds die Hhepunkte der Rokoko-Kunst darstellen, wurde die Strmung gelegentlich wegen ihrer vermeintlichen Oberflächlichkeit verurteilt.
In der zweiten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts verschwand das Rokoko allmählich und machte dem Neoklassizismus Platz. Erst ungefähr ein Jahrhundert später entdeckten Kunsthistoriker den Glanz dieses von Klaus H. Carl und Victoria Charles näher untersuchten goldenen Zeitalters wieder.

Rokoko

Si le portrait devait, avant tout, être la représentation fidèle de son modèle, selon des canons strictement définis, cette galerie de 1000 portraits montre au contraire, combien ce genre fut bousculé au fil de l'histoire et s'avère être beaucoup plus complexe qu'une simple imitation de la réalité. Par-delà la dextérité de l'artiste, l'art du portrait se doit de dépasser l'imitation, aussi juste et précise soit-elle, pour traduire, sans trahir, tant l'intention de son commanditaire que celle de l'artiste. Ainsi, ces témoins silencieux, soigneusement sélectionnés dans ces pages, révèlent, au-delà des visages officiels ou anonymes, une psychologie plus qu'une identité, une allégorie, une propagande politique ou religieuse, ou incarnent, avec justesse, les moeurs de leurs époques. Par son nombre impressionnant de chefs-d'oeuvre, de biographies, de commentaires d'oeuvres, cet ouvrage confronte les différents portraits, exposant dès lors au lecteur, et à tout amateur d'art, le reflet de l'évolution de notre société, mais surtout les bouleversements d'un genre qui, pendant près de trente siècles de peintures, façonna l'histoire de l'art.

1000 Portraits de génie

Marc Chagall was born into a strict Jewish family for whom the ban on representations of the human figure had the weight of dogma. A failure in the entrance examination for the Stieglitz School did not stop Chagall from later joining that famous school founded by the Imperial Society for the Encouragement of the Arts and directed by Nicholas Roerich. Chagall moved to Paris in 1910. The city was his "second Vitebsk". At first, isolated in the little room on the Impasse du Maine at La Ruche, Chagall soon found numerous compatriots also attracted by the prestige of Paris: Lipchitz, Zadkine, Archipenko and Soutine, all of whom were to maintain the "smell" of his native land. From his very arrival Chagall wanted to "discover everything". And to his dazzled eyes painting did indeed reveal itself. Even the most attentive and partial observer is at times unable to distinguish the "Parisian", Chagall from the "Vitebskian". The artist was not full of contradictions, nor was he a split personality, but he always remained different; he looked around and within himself and at the surrounding world, and he used his present thoughts and recollections. He had an utterly poetical mode of thought that enabled him to pursue such a complex course. Chagall was endowed with a sort of stylistic immunity: he enriched himself without destroying anything of his own inner structure. Admiring the works of others he studied them ingenuously, ridding himself of his youthful awkwardness, yet never losing his authenticity for a moment. 

 At times Chagall seemed to look at the world through magic crystal - overloaded with artistic experimentation - of the Ecole de Paris. In such cases he would embark on a subtle and serious play with the various discoveries of the turn of the century and turned his prophetic gaze like that of a biblical youth, to look at himself ironically and thoughtfully in the mirror. Naturally, it totally and uneclectically reflected the painterly discoveries of Cézanne, the delicate inspiration of Modigliani, and the complex surface rhythms recalling the experiments of the early Cubists (See-Portrait at the Easel, 1914). Despite the analyses which nowadays illuminate the painter's Judaeo-Russian sources, inherited or borrowed but always sublime, and his formal relationships, there is always some share of mystery in Chagall's art. The mystery perhaps lies in the very nature of his art, in which he uses his experiences and memories. Painting truly is life, and perhaps life is painting.

Chagall

Picasso was born a Spaniard and, so they say, began to draw before he could speak. As an infant he was instinctively attracted to artist's tools. In early childhood he could spend hours in happy concentration drawing spirals with a sense and meaning known only to himself. At other times, shunning children's games, he traced his first pictures in the sand. This early self-expression held out promise of a rare gift. Málaga must be mentioned, for it was there, on 25 October 1881, that Pablo Ruiz Picasso was born and it was there that he spent the first ten years of his life. Picasso's father was a painter and professor at the School of Fine Arts and Crafts. Picasso learnt from him the basics of formal academic art training. Then he studied at the Academy of Arts in Madrid but never finished his degree. Picasso, who was not yet eighteen, had reached the point of his greatest rebelliousness; he repudiated academia's anemic aesthetics along with realism's pedestrian prose and, quite naturally, joined those who called themselves modernists, the non-conformist artists and writers, those whom Sabartés called "the élite of Catalan thought" and who were grouped around the artists' café Els Quatre Gats. During 1899 and 1900 the only subjects Picasso deemed worthy of painting were those which reflected the "final truth"; the transience of human life and the inevitability of death. His early works, ranged under the name of "Blue Period" (1901-1904), consist in blue-tinted paintings influenced by a trip through Spain and the death of his friend, Casagemas. Even though Picasso himself repeatedly insisted on the inner, subjective nature of the Blue Period, its genesis and, especially, the monochromatic blue were for many years explained as merely the results of various aesthetic influences. Between 1905 and 1907, Picasso entered a new phase, called "Rose Period" characterised by a more cheerful style with orange and pink colours. In Gosol, in the summer of 1906 the nude female form assumed an extraordinary importance for Picasso; he equated a depersonalised, aboriginal, simple nakedness with the concept of "woman"...

Pablo Picasso and artworks

Pieter Brueghel was the first important member of a family of artists who were active for four generations. Firstly a drawer before becoming a painter later, he painted religious themes, such as Babel Tower, with very bright colours. Influenced by Hieronymus Bosch, he painted large, complex scenes of peasant life and scripture or spiritual allegories, often with crowds of subjects performing a variety of acts, yet his scenes are unified with an informal integrity and often with wit. In his work, he brought a new humanising spirit. Befriending the Humanists, Brueghel composed true philosophical landscapes in the heart of which man accepts passively his fate, caught in the track of time.

The Brueghels

Découvrez les fascinants chefs-d'oeuvre de Gustave Caillebotte et promenez-vous sur les boulevards de son Paris du XIXe siècle aux côtés des membres distingués de la haute société de l'époque. Chaque oeuvre est accompagnée de trois détails mettant en lumière tous les éléments charmants de l'héritage de cet artiste de talent. Gentilshommes, parisiens et proprets, travailleurs en plein labeur, boulevards parisiens baignés de soleil et barques nonchalantes dérivant sur la rivière, tout scintille dans l'OEuvre captivant de cet impressionniste peu connu. Bien qu'ayant organisé huit de leurs expositions, Gustave Caillebotte (1848-1894) est généralement négligé parmi ses légendaires camarades impressionnistes. Pourtant, un regard attentif à sa manière moderne de portraiturer la vie parisienne contemporaine est essentiel, ses compositions saisissantes attirant notre attention, nous happant au coeur de la réalité de cette société en constante mutation. Né dans une famille aisée de la bourgeoisie, Caillebotte savait mieux que personne ce que Paris avait à offrir, et, depuis son appartement situé derrière l'opéra, il peignit certains des paysages urbains atmosphériques pour lesquels il est particulièrement célèbre.

L'Art roman

Résumé

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