Impressionism has always been one of the public's favourite styles of art and Impressionist works continue to enchant beholders with their amazing play of colours and forms. This book offers a well-chosen selection of the most impressive works of artists such as Degas, Monet, Pissarro, Renoir and Sisley. Mega Square Impressionism pays tribute to the subject's popularity.

Impressionism 120 illustrations

Degas was closest to Renoir in the impressionist's circle, for both favoured the animated Parisian life of their day as a motif in their paintings. Degas did not attend Gleyre's studio; most likely he first met the future impressionists at the Café Guerbois. He started his apprenticeship in 1853 at the studio of Louis-Ernest Barrias and, beginning in 1854, studied under Louis Lamothe, who revered Ingres above all others, and transmitted his adoration for this master to Edgar Degas. Starting in 1854 Degas travelled frequently to Italy: first to Naples, where he made the acquaintance of his numerous cousins, and then to Rome and Florence, where he copied tirelessly from the Old Masters. His drawings and sketches already revealed very clear preferences: Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Mantegna, but also Benozzo Gozzoli, Ghirlandaio, Titian, Fra Angelico, Uccello, and Botticelli. During the 1860s and 1870s he became a painter of racecourses, horses and jockeys. His fabulous painter's memory retained the particularities of movement of horses wherever he saw them. After his first rather complex compositions depicting racecourses, Degas learned the art of translating the nobility and elegance of horses, their nervous movements, and the formal beauty of their musculature. Around the middle of the 1860s Degas made yet another discovery. In 1866 he painted his first composition with ballet as a subject, Mademoiselle Fiocre dans le ballet de la Source (Mademoiselle Fiocre in the Ballet 'The Spring') (New York, Brooklyn Museum). Degas had always been a devotee of the theatre, but from now on it would become more and more the focus of his art. Degas' first painting devoted solely to the ballet was Le Foyer de la danse à l'Opéra de la rue Le Peletier (The Dancing Anteroom at the Opera on Rue Le Peletier) (Paris, Musée d'Orsay). In a carefully constructed composition, with groups of figures balancing one another to the left and the right, each ballet dancer is involved in her own activity, each one is moving in a separate manner from the others. Extended observation and an immense number of sketches were essential to executing such a task. This is why Degas moved from the theatre on to the rehearsal halls, where the dancers practised and took their lessons. This was how Degas arrived at the second sphere of that immediate, everyday life that was to interest him. The ballet would remain his passion until the end of his days.

Degas

For Claude Monet the designation `impressionist' always remained a source of pride. In spite of all the things critics have written about his work, Monet continued to be a true impressionist to the end of his very long life. He was so by deep conviction, and for his Impressionism he may have sacrificed many other opportunities that his enormous talent held out to him. Monet did not paint classical compositions with figures, and he did not become a portraitist, although his professional training included those skills. He chose a single genre for himself, landscape painting, and in that he achieved a degree of perfection none of his contemporaries managed to attain. Yet the little boy began by drawing caricatures. Boudin advised Monet to stop doing caricatures and to take up landscapes instead. The sea, the sky, animals, people, and trees are beautiful in the exact state in which nature created them - surrounded by air and light. Indeed, it was Boudin who passed on to Monet his conviction of the importance of working in the open air, which Monet would in turn transmit to his impressionist friends. Monet did not want to enrol at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts. He chose to attend a private school, L'Académie Suisse, established by an ex-model on the Quai d'Orfèvres near the Pont Saint-Michel. One could draw and paint from a live model there for a modest fee. This was where Monet met the future impressionist Camille Pissarro. Later in Gleyre's studio, Monet met Auguste Renoir Alfred Sisley, and Frédéric Bazille. Monet considered it very important that Boudin be introduced to his new friends. He also told his friends of another painter he had found in Normandy. This was the remarkable Dutchman Jongkind. His landscapes were saturated with colour, and their sincerity, at times even their naïveté, was combined with subtle observation of the Normandy shore's variable nature. At this time Monet's landscapes were not yet characterized by great richness of colour. Rather, they recalled the tonalities of paintings by the Barbizon artists, and Boudin's seascapes. He composed a range of colour based on yellow-brown or blue-grey. At the Third Impressionist Exhibition in 1877 Monet presented a series of paintings for the first time: seven views of the Saint-Lazare train station. He selected them from among twelve he had painted at the station. This motif in Monet's work is in line not only with Manet's Chemin de fer (The Railway) and with his own landscapes featuring trains and stations at Argenteuil, but also with a trend that surfaced after the railways first began to appear. In 1883, Monet had bought a house in the village of Giverny, near the little town of Vernon. At Giverny, series painting became one of his chief working procedures. Meadows became his permanent workplace. When a journalist, who had come from Vétheuil to interview Monet, asked him where his studio was, the painter answered, "My studio! I've never had a studio, and I can't see why one would lock oneself up in a room. To draw, yes - to paint, no". Then, broadly gesturing towards the Seine, the hills, and the silhouette of the little town, he declared, "There's my real studio."Monet began to go to London in the last decade of the nineteenth century. He began all his London paintings working directly from nature, but completed many of them afterwards, at Giverny. The series formed an indivisible whole, and the painter had to work on all his canvases at one time. A friend of Monet's, the writer Octave Mirbeau, wrote that he had accomplished a miracle. With the help of colours he had succeeded in recreating on the canvas something almost impossible to capture: he was reproducing sunlight, enriching it with an infinite number of reflections. Alone among the impressionists, Claude Monet took an almost scientific study of the possibilities of colour to its limits; it is unlikely that one could have gone any further in that direction.

Claude Monet

Paul Gauguin was first a sailor, then a successful stockbroker in Paris. In 1874 he began to paint at weekends as a Sunday painter. Nine years later, after a stock-market crash, he felt confident of his ability to earn a living for his family by painting and he resigned his position and took up the painter's brush full time. Following the lead of Cézanne, Gauguin painted still-lifes from the very beginning of his artistic career. He even owned a still-life by Cézanne, which is shown in Gauguin's painting Portrait of Marie Lagadu. The year 1891 was crucial for Gauguin. In that year he left France for Tahiti, where he stayed till 1893. This stay in Tahiti determined his future life and career, for in 1895, after a sojourn in France, he returned there for good. In Tahiti, Gauguin discovered primitive art, with its flat forms and violent colours, belonging to an untamed nature. With absolute sincerity, he transferred them onto his canvas. His paintings from then on reflected this style: a radical simplification of drawing; brilliant, pure, bright colours; an ornamental type composition; and a deliberate flatness of planes. Gauguin termed this style "synthetic symbolism".

Gauguin

« Le père Pissarro », comme aimaient à l'appeler ses amis, était le plus sage des artistes impressionnistes. Peut être son âge, plus avancé que celui de ses camarades Monet, Sisley, Bazille et Renoir, ou plutot sa maturité, lui firent créer des ouvres sereines et sobres tant dans leur sujet que dans leur composition. 

Homme au goûts simples, il se plut à peindre des paysans sur les chemins, bien qu'il dut sa tardive notoriété à ses paysages urbains, traités avec la même passion que celle que faisaient jaillir en lui les ciels orageux et les matins blanchis par le givre.

Camille Pissarro

Als Impressionist zu gelten war für Monet eine Auszeichnung. Er war es aus tiefer Überzeugung und blieb es bis an das Ende seines langen Lebens. Er begnügte sich mit einem einzigen Genre, dem der Landschaftsmalerei. Hier aber brachte er es zu einer Vollkommenheit, an die keiner seiner Zeitgenossen heranreichte. Im Sommer jenes Jahres kam es zu gemeinsamen Malübungen mit Boudin (1824 bis 1898) am Meeresstrand. "Mit der Zeit gingen mir die Augen auf und ich begann, die Natur zu verstehen; zugleich lernte ich, sie zu lieben" - so erinnert sich Monet später an diese gemeinsamen Exerzitien. Er besucht nicht die Ecole des Beaux-Arts, sondern zieht die von Monsieur Suisse, einem ehemaligen Modell Davids, gegründete freie "Académie Suisse" vor. Hier war es möglich, für einen geringen Beitrag lebende Modelle zu malen und zu zeichnen. Die Farbskala der Bilder, die Monet 1871 und 1872 malte, ist nicht sehr breit; sie erinnert an die der Barbizon-Schule und an die Seestücke Boudins. Die Grundtöne sind braungelb und blaugrau. Im Jahr 1877 wurde die dritte Ausstellung der Impressionisten eröffnet, bei der Monet zum ersten Mal eine Bilderserie zeigte. Mit seinem Motiv, dem Bahnhof Saint-Lazare, setzte Monet nicht nur Manets Die Eisenbahn und seine eigenen Landschaftsbilder aus Argenteuil fort, er schloss sich darüber hinaus der bei den Künstlern wachsenden Tendenz an, sich von diesem Transportmittel faszinieren zu lassen. In seinem Wohnort Giverny wurden die Bilderserien Monets wichtigste Arbeitsmethode. In den 1890er Jahren entdeckte Monet London. Zwar begann er die Bilder allesamt in London, beendete viele von ihnen aber in Giverny. Für den Schriftsteller Octave Mirbeau (1848 bis 1917) war Monet ein Mensch, der Wunder vollbrachte: Mit Hilfe der Farben habe er auf der Leinwand das Sonnenlicht, etwas nahezu Unfassbares, nachgebildet und es um eine Unzahl prismatischer Facetten bereichert. Tatsächlich hat Monet das Potenzial der Farbe mit nahezu wissenschaftlicher Strenge bis zu seinen äußersten Konsequenzen getrieben; kein anderer Impressionist ist darin so weit gegangen wie er, und es ist wenig wahrscheinlich, dass man in dieser Richtung hätte noch weitergehen können.

Edouard Manet 

(Paris, 1832 - 1883)

Manet est l'un des plus célèbres artistes de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, lié aux impressionnistes sans faire vraiment partie de leur groupe. Chérissant son indépendance, il eut une grande influence sur la peinture française, en partie due au choix de ses sujets tirés de la vie quotidienne, de son usage de couleurs pures et de sa technique rapide et libre. C'est son ouvre qui assura la transition entre le réalisme de Courbet et la vision novatrice des impressionnistes.

Issu de la grande bourgeoisie, il choisit de devenir peintre après avoir raté son entrée à l'Ecole navale. Il se forma auprès de Thomas Couture, un peintre académique, mais c'est grâce à ses nombreux voyages à travers l'Europe qu'il entreprit dès 1852, qu'il commença à se faire une idée de ce qu'allait être son style propre.

Ses premières peintures étaient essentiellement des scènes de genre, inspirées par son amour pour les maîtres espagnols comme Velazquez et Goya, et le portrait. C'est en 1863 qu'il présenta son chef-d'ouvre Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe au Salon des refusés. Son ouvre déclenchant une polémique entre les défenseurs de l'art académique et les jeunes artistes « refusés », il devint le chef de file de cette nouvelle génération d'artistes.

A partir de 1864, le salon officiel accepta ses travaux, provoquant toujours de véhémentes protestations comme ce fut le cas avec Olympia en 1865. En 1866, l'écrivain Zola écrivit un article en faveur du travail de Manet. A cette époque, le peintre était ami avec tous les futurs grands maîtres impressionnistes : Edgar Degas, Claude Monet, Auguste Renoir, Alfred Sisley, Camille Pissarro et Paul Cézanne, qui s'influençaient les uns les autres ; pourtant il restait délibérément à l'extérieur du groupe. En effet, en 1874 il refusa de présenter ses peintures lors de leur première exposition. Sa dernière apparition dans un salon officiel fut en 1882 avec Un Bar aux Folies-Bergère, l'une de ses ouvres les plus connues. Atteint par la gangrène au cours de l'année 1883, il peignit des natures mortes de fleurs jusqu'au moment où il ne s'en sentit plus capable, et il mourut en laissant derrière lui un grand nombre de dessins et de peintures.

Manet

Paul Gauguin (Paris, 1848 - Atuona, Iles Marquises 1903)

Paul Gauguin fut tout d'abord marin puis agent de change émérite à Paris. En 1874, il commença à peindre pendant les week-ends, tel un peintre du dimanche. Neuf ans plus tard, après un crack boursier, il sentit qu'il pourrait faire vivre sa famille en peignant et il démissionna. Sur les pas de Cézanne, Gauguin peignit des natures mortes dès le début de sa carrière artistique. Il posséda même une nature morte de Cézanne, que l'on peut observer derrière le personnage principal de son Portrait de Marie Lagadu. En 1891, Gauguin quitte la France pour Tahiti où il resta jusqu'en 1893. Son séjour à Tahiti fut déterminant pour sa vie et sa carrière future. Après un retour en France, il repart à Tahiti en 1895 et y restera le restant de sa vie. Là, Gauguin découvrit l'art primitif, avec ses formes planes et ses couleurs violentes, celles de la nature à l'état sauvage. Avec une fidélité absolue, il les reproduisit sur sa toile. Toutes ses peintures sont le reflet d'un style caractérisé par la simplifications radicales du dessin, les couleurs brillantes, pures et lumineuses, une composition ornementale et une platitude délibérée des plans - le style qu'il appelait lui-même « symbolisme synthétique ».

Impressionism 120 illustrations

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