Ce volume 43-44 de la revue Slovo est le fruit des contributions au Colloque international «1989 en Europe médiane : 20 ans après» organisé en décembre 2009 par le Centre d'Etudes de l'Europe Médiane (Inalco) qui portait sur les processus ayant permis le passage du socialisme réel vers la démocratie de marché. Ces premières analyses ont été complétées par une Journée internationale d'études et de réflexion organisée en septembre 2011 par le groupe de travail Monde post-soviétique et Europe médiane et balkanique : sortie du «socialisme réel» et stratégies d'adaptation de la nomenklatura et des «nouvelles élites» du CREE - Centre de Recherches Europes-Eurasie de l'Inalco, ayant pour thème : «Une génération après... Le «post-communisme» en Europe du Centre et de l'Est». Il s'agit pour tous les chercheurs ayant contribué à ces travaux (dont certains furent aussi parfois des acteurs des événements) d'établir un premier état des lieux sur les réponses possibles à apporter à cette «grande énigme» que constitua la disparition soudaine et quasiment pacifique d'un immense «empire», en dégageant des pistes permettant de cerner les forces sociales qui ont joué et continuent de jouer un rôle central dans les transformations en cours, en observant en particulier quels groupes sociaux et/ou nationaux ont profité de ces changements, et lesquels se sont immédiatement ou plus tardivement retrouvés marginalisés, voire perdants.

Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors - From molecular biology to cognition

Des milliards d'humains aspirent au bien-être et à une vie meilleure. Mais les ressources de la Terre sont limitées et ses équilibres écologiques fragiles. Le mode de vie des classes aisées des pays développés n'est pas extensible à toute la planète. Doit-on se résigner à l'injustice ? Un monde meilleur pour tous est-il possible ? Qu'exige de nous le " développement durable " ? Quels changements radicaux implique-t-il dans nos manières de penser les rapports entre l'homme et la nature, entre pays pauvres et pays riches ? Et quels bouleversements dans nos pratiques ? Réunis par le Collège de France à Bruxelles pour son premier colloque européen, climatologue et juriste, chimiste et philosophe, biologiste et africaniste, économiste et architecte, sinologue et spécialiste de la biodiversité croisent ici leurs réflexions et entreprennent de dessiner ce que pourrait être notre avenir.

Un monde meilleur pour tous - Projet réaliste ou rêve insensé ? Colloque européen 2006

The purpose of this book is to give a clear and straightforward account of the remarkable properties of the nicotinic receptor for acetylcholine, a membrane protein involved in chemical transduction in the nervous system that is also the target of a widely used drug, nicotine. This molecule also happens to be the first pharmacological receptor and ion channel ever to have been identified. Jean-Pierre Changeux has played a leading role with Stuart J. Edelstein in the investigation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and allosteric proteins. The aim of this book is not only to review the most recent experimental and theoretical breakthroughs in the study of the nicotinic receptor, but also to give the reader a sense of the intellectual excitement and adventure that accompanied the various stages of discovery. This richly illustrated volume furnishes an exceptional opportunity for scientists and students to follow the course of a major advance in our understanding of the molecular basis of brain functions. Jean-Pierre Changeux is honorary professor at the Collège de France and at the Institut Pasteur, a member of the French Academy of Sciences. In addition to L'Homme neuronal [Neuronal Man] he is the author of Raison et Plaisir and L'Homme de vérité. He is also co-author, with Alain Connes, of Matière à penser [Conversations on Mind, Matter, and Mathematics] and, with Paul Ricoeur, of La Nature et la Règle [What Makes Us Think?]. All thought-provoking works. Stuart J. Edelstein is Professor of Biochemistry at the University of Geneva and a foreign associate member of the Academy of Sciences. "The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor has served for many decades as the prototype for neurotransmitter receptors. Acetylcholine was the first neurotransmitter shown to be involved in the fonction of the mammalian brain and its nicotinic receptor the first receptor to be characterized. Jean-Pierre Changeux is the indisputable pioneer in this field. This volume summarizes with great lucidity the history of a highly important topic in neuroscience." Paul Greengard, Nobel laureate in Medecine - The Rockefeller University "From the molecule to thought itself - an extraordinary journey! Changeux and Edelstein are uniquely qualified to relate this utterly fascinating story, whose philosophical implications are no less important than the scientific research underlying them." Jean-Marie Lehn, Nobel laureate in Chemistry - ISIS-Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg "The human brain is as much a chemical as an electrical network. Its intricacy and sophistication set it apart from any known technical device. The groundbreaking papers by Monod, Jacob, Wyman, and Changeux in the 1960s on chemical regulation and control were eye-opening for all us who were doing experimental research in ths field, and they have turned out to be crucial for understanding biological evolution and learning in a broad sense. Since then Changeux and Edelstein have achieved international fame for their work on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, amply documented in this masterful account." Manfred Eigen, Nobel laureate in Chemistry - Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Gttingen "One hesitates to call this book a monograph, for despite its comprehensive treatment of a complex subject it is not meant solely for specialized readers. In concentrating on a single class of neuroreceptors, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, it seeks to draw out general principles which apply more widely. It will therefore be welcomed not only by serious workers and students in the field of neurobiology, but also by anyone interested in the broader field of neuroscience." Sir Aaron Klug OM FRS, Nobel laureate in Chemistry - University of Cambridge "Changeux and Edelstein have provided a concise yet highly comprehensive account of perhaps the prototypical neurotransmitter complex, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. The story of how the roles played by this signal transduction system in nicotine dependence, learning, memory, and the processes of cognition came to be unraveled is an exciting saga, both beautiful and profound. A lovely historico-scientific document." Floyd E. Bloom, Professor Emeritus - The Scripps Research Institute "Changeux and Edelstein describe a classically Cartesian process of scientific investigation that leads to a most non-Cartesian conclusion. Having elucidated the mechanisms of action and interaction by which the various elements that make up the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor operate throughout the nervous system, from neuromuscular junctions to the brain itself, the authors turn to the role of thse structures and mechanisms in supporting cognition and giving access to consciousness - thus parting ways with Descartes and the view that the mind is able somehow to exist independently of the body. A work of truly remarkable erudition and insight." Roger Guillemin, Nobel laureate in Medicine - Salk Institute for Biological Studies This book is unlike any recent scientific book. It is more like a forty-year research meeting in one of the world's most creative neurobiology laboratoriesan intellectual tour de fortcheat surveys the developmental trends and achievements of twentieth-century neuroscience in molecular, structural, and functional terms. The book therefore becomes an extraordinary educational saga, moving from Sir Henry Dale's pharmacology of nicotine to genetic diseases involving mutations of the cation channel function of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Research into these archetypal proteins has been carried out by pharmacologists, biochemists, molecular biologists, electrophysiologists, behavioral scientists, and geneticists, with Jean-Pierre Changeux and his coworkers participating in every aspect of this remarkable inquiry. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are the workhorse of the fast actions of the chemical signal acetylcholine, abundantly transmitted in both the peripheral and the central nervous system. Thanks to their variable sub- unit composition they come in many flavors, mediating control of voluntary muscles in the periphery and helping to regulate reward functions, cognition, and memory in the brain. This rich functionality leads the authors to describe models of neuromuscular junction development as well a global workspace model of cognitive function and its role in effortful learning. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor was among the first ligand-gated ion channels to be sequenced and studied by patch-clamp methods. It has been the object of neurobiological research in England, France, Germany, Japan, and the United States, with contributions of equal weight being made by many teams of researchers over a number of decades, all carefully chronicled and explained by the authors. This book is to be highly recommended to young scientists who want to discover into how many fields a single protein molecule can take themfrom snake venom action to myasthenia gravis, addiction, learning, and schiz- ophreniaif they are willing patiently to learn new research techniques rather than specialize in a single method or instrument. To investigate the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in all its aspects requires a Renaissance mind, and it is exactly this that Changeux and Edelstein have brought to bear on one of the most studied topics in neuroscience of the last century. TAMAS BARTFAI, Chair and Professor, Department of Neuropharmacology The Scripps Research Institute

The Brain as a Chemical Machine

« Confronter un scientifique et un philosophe sur les neurosciences, leurs résultats, leurs projets, leur capacité à soutenir un débat sur la morale, sur les normes, sur la paix, tel est l'objet de ce livre. Le débat d'idées est trop rare en France. Affirmations péremptoires, critiques unilatérales, discussions incompréhensibles, dérisions faciles ne cessent d'encombrer le terrain sans souci pour des arguments qui, avant d'être convaincants, aspirent à être tenus pour plausibles, c'est-à-dire dignes d'être plaidés. Vivre un dialogue totalement libre et ouvert entre un scientifique et un philosophe constitue une expérience exceptionnelle pour l'un comme pour l'autre. » (P. R. et J.-P. C.). Paul Ricoeur est professeur honoraire à l'université Paris-X et professeur émérite à l'université de Chicago. Il est l'auteur de très nombreux ouvrages, notamment « La métaphore vive », « Temps et Récit », « Soi-même comme un autre ». Jean-Pierre Changeux est professeur au Collège de France et à l'Institut Pasteur, membre de l'Académie des sciences. Il est notamment l'auteur de « L'Homme neuronal », "Matière à pensée » (avec Alain Connes), et "Raison et Plaisir ».

CE QUI NOUS FAIT PENSER. La nature et la règle

The purpose of this book is to give a clear and straightforward account of the remarkable properties of the nicotinic receptor for acetylcholine, a membrane protein involved in chemical transduction in the nervous system that is also the target of a widely used drug, nicotine. This molecule also happens to be the first pharmacological receptor and ion channel ever to have been identified. Jean-Pierre Changeux has played a leading role with Stuart J. Edelstein in the investigation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and allosteric proteins. The aim of this book is not only to review the most recent experimental and theoretical breakthroughs in the study of the nicotinic receptor, but also to give the reader a sense of the intellectual excitement and adventure that accompanied the various stages of discovery. This richly illustrated volume furnishes an exceptional opportunity for scientists and students to follow the course of a major advance in our understanding of the molecular basis of brain functions. Jean-Pierre Changeux is honorary professor at the Collège de France and at the Institut Pasteur, a member of the French Academy of Sciences. In addition to L'Homme neuronal [Neuronal Man] he is the author of Raison et Plaisir and L'Homme de vérité. He is also co-author, with Alain Connes, of Matière à penser [Conversations on Mind, Matter, and Mathematics] and, with Paul Ricour, of La Nature et la Règle [What Makes Us Think?]. All thought-provoking works. Stuart J. Edelstein is Professor of Biochemistry at the University of Geneva and a foreign associate member of the Academy of Sciences. "The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor has served for many decades as the prototype for neurotransmitter receptors. Acetylcholine was the first neurotransmitter shown to be involved in the fonction of the mammalian brain and its nicotinic receptor the first receptor to be characterized. Jean-Pierre Changeux is the indisputable pioneer in this field. This volume summarizes with great lucidity the history of a highly important topic in neuroscience." Paul Greengard, Nobel laureate in Medecine - The Rockefeller University "From the molecule to thought itself - an extraordinary journey! Changeux and Edelstein are uniquely qualified to relate this utterly fascinating story, whose philosophical implications are no less important than the scientific research underlying them." Jean-Marie Lehn, Nobel laureate in Chemistry - ISIS-Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg "The human brain is as much a chemical as an electrical network. Its intricacy and sophistication set it apart from any known technical device. The groundbreaking papers by Monod, Jacob, Wyman, and Changeux in the 1960s on chemical regulation and control were eye-opening for all us who were doing experimental research in ths field, and they have turned out to be crucial for understanding biological evolution and learning in a broad sense. Since then Changeux and Edelstein have achieved international fame for their work on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, amply documented in this masterful account." Manfred Eigen, Nobel laureate in Chemistry - Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen "One hesitates to call this book a monograph, for despite its comprehensive treatment of a complex subject it is not meant solely for specialized readers. In concentrating on a single class of neuroreceptors, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, it seeks to draw out general principles which apply more widely. It will therefore be welcomed not only by serious workers and students in the field of neurobiology, but also by anyone interested in the broader field of neuroscience." Sir Aaron Klug OM FRS, Nobel laureate in Chemistry - University of Cambridge "Changeux and Edelstein have provided a concise yet highly comprehensive account of perhaps the prototypical neurotransmitter complex, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. The story of how the roles played by this signal transduction system in nicotine dependence, learning, memory, and the processes of cognition came to be unraveled is an exciting saga, both beautiful and profound. A lovely historico-scientific document." Floyd E. Bloom, Professor Emeritus - The Scripps Research Institute "Changeux and Edelstein describe a classically Cartesian process of scientific investigation that leads to a most non-Cartesian conclusion. Having elucidated the mechanisms of action and interaction by which the various elements that make up the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor operate throughout the nervous system, from neuromuscular junctions to the brain itself, the authors turn to the role of thse structures and mechanisms in supporting cognition and giving access to consciousness - thus parting ways with Descartes and the view that the mind is able somehow to exist independently of the body. A work of truly remarkable erudition and insight." Roger Guillemin, Nobel laureate in Medicine - Salk Institute for Biological Studies "This book is unlike any recent scientific book. It is more like a forty-year research meeting in one of the world's most creative neurobiology laboratories-an intellectual tour de fortcheat surveys the developmental trends and achievements of twentieth-century neuroscience in molecular, structural, and functional terms. The book therefore becomes an extraordinary educational saga, moving from Sir Henry Dale's pharmacology of nicotine to genetic diseases involving mutations of the cation channel function of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Research into these archetypal proteins has been carried out by pharmacologists, biochemists, molecular biologists, electrophysiologists, behavioral scientists, and geneticists, with Jean-Pierre Changeux and his coworkers participating in every aspect of this remarkable inquiry. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are the workhorse of the fast actions of the chemical signal acetylcholine, abundantly transmitted in both the peripheral and the central nervous system. Thanks to their variable sub- unit composition they come in many flavors, mediating control of voluntary muscles in the periphery and helping to regulate reward functions, cognition, and memory in the brain. This rich functionality leads the authors to describe models of neuromuscular junction development as well a global workspace model of cognitive function and its role in effortful learning. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor was among the first ligand-gated ion channels to be sequenced and studied by patch-clamp methods. It has been the object of neurobiological research in England, France, Germany, Japan, and the United States, with contributions of equal weight being made by many teams of researchers over a number of decades, all carefully chronicled and explained by the authors. This book is to be highly recommended to young scientists who want to discover into how many fields a single protein molecule can take them-from snake venom action to myasthenia gravis, addiction, learning, and schiz- ophrenia-if they are willing patiently to learn new research techniques rather than specialize in a single method or instrument. To investigate the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in all its aspects requires a Renaissance mind, and it is exactly this that Changeux and Edelstein have brought to bear on one of the most studied topics in neuroscience of the last century." TAMAS BARTFAI, Chair and Professor, Department of Neuropharmacology The Scripps Research Institute

- Nicotinic receptors and neuronal communication

Sur quoi reposent les normes éthiques ? Comment expliquer l'universalité de l'exigence morale chez les hommes en dépit des différences qui séparent les moeurs ? Les sciences biologiques, à défaut de fonder une morale naturelle, peuvent-elles indiquer des voies de recherche ? Sur ce thème, Jean-Pierre Changeux, aujourd'hui président du Comité national d'éthique, a réuni des philosophes, des psychologues, des anthropologues, des juristes, des neurobiologistes dans le cadre d'un grand colloque organisé en 1991 par la Fondation pour la recherche médicale. Cet ouvrage présente une synthèse de ces travaux particulièrement novateurs en France.

Fondements naturels de l'éthique

La science du cerveau peut-elle nous renseigner sur le fonctionnement de la pensée ? En renouvelant profondément la problématique des relations entre l'âme et son organe, les neurosciences ont ressuscité cette vieille question philosophique, qui retrouve ainsi une acuité nouvelle.La parution de L'Homme neuronal a marqué avec éclat l'entrée des neurosciences sur la scène française et son succès fut le signe de l'engouement qu'elles provoquèrent. Cet ouvrage d'initiation établit clairement l'état des lieux des connaissances biologiques du cerveau et du système nerveux. Les controverses que ce livre a suscitées et suscite encore en font un classique de la réflexion sur ce problème.

L'homme neuronal

Faut-il avoir peur de « l'homme artificiel » ? Où en sont la fabrication d'organes artificiels et la thérapie génique ? Comment nos modes de vie sont-ils bouleversés par la médecine électronique ou la justice informatique ? La biologie synthétique pourra-t-elle fabriquer une cellule vivante ? Pour tenter d'y voir clair, il faut croiser les disciplines : histoire des techniques, anthropologie, biologie, médecine, chirurgie, neurosciences, droit, littérature, philosophie.

L'homme artificiel - travaux du college de france

Dialogue entre un mathématicien et un neurobiologiste sur les liens qui peuvent exister entre le cerveau et les objets mathématiques, débouchant sur les rapports entre science et éthique.

Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors - From molecular biology to cognition

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