« À chaque âge son art, à chaque art sa liberté. » Voila la devise de la Sécession viennoise,  mouvement dissident (1892-1906), qui fut porté par une vingtaine d'artistes éclairés luttant contre l'académisme conservateur pétrifiant Vienne et tout l'empire austro-hongrois.
Courant de l'Art nouveau, la Sécession, officiellement fondée en 1897 par Klimt, Moll et Hoffmann, ne fut pas une révolution artistique anonyme parmi tant d'autres. Contestataires par essence, les sécessionnistes viennois ont peint ce qu'on ne devait pas peindre : les frôlements, les baisers, les violences. Se définissant comme un art total sans contrainte politique ni commerciale, l'effervescence de ce mouvement toucha tous les artisans, architectes, et décorateurs. Dans cet ouvrage, peinture, sculpture et architecture sont confrontées par l'auteur pour souligner la richesse et la diversité du mouvement viennois.

La Sécession Viennoise

The Renaissance began at the end of the 14th century in Italy and had extended across the whole of Europe by the second half of the 16th century. The rediscovery of the splendour of ancient Greece and Rome marked the beginning of the rebirth of the arts following the break-down of the dogmatic certitude of the Middle Ages. A number of artists began to innovate in the domains of painting, sculpture, and architecture. Depicting the ideal and the actual, the sacred and the profane, the period provided a frame of reference which influenced European art over the next four centuries.

Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Botticelli, Fra Angelico, Giorgione, Mantegna, Raphael, Dürer and Bruegel are among the artists who made considerable contributions to the art of the Renaissance.

Renaissance Art

Born in 1860 in a small Czech town, Alphonse Mucha (1860-1939) was an artist on the forefront of Art Nouveau, the modernist movement that swept Paris in the 1910s, marking a return to the simplicity of natural forms, and changing the world of art and design forever. In fact, Art Nouveau was known to insiders as the "Mucha style" for the legions of imitators who adapted the master's celebrated tableaux. Today, his distinctive depictions of lithe young women in classical dress have become a pop cultural touchstone, inspiring album covers, comic books, and everything in between. Patrick Bade and Victoria Charles offer readers an inspiring survey of Mucha's career, illustrated with over one hundred lustrous images, from early Parisian advertisements and posters for Sandra Bernhardt, to the famous historical murals painted just before his death, at the age of 78, in 1939.

Alphonse Mucha

« Tous les êtres vivants sont Bouddha et ont en eux sagesse et vertu. » (Bouddha) Bouddha fait partie des personnages sacrés les plus représentés au monde, peut-être plus que ne l'est le Christ, sujet largement traité par les artistes du monde occidental. Personnage adulé par tous, Bouddha fut représenté de toutes les manières, que ce soit en sculpture, parfois de façon monumentale, tels les bouddhas de Bamiyan aujourd'hui disparus, sur des peintures, mais surtout sur des fresques dans d'innombrables grottes comme celles d'Ajanta en Inde ou de Dunhuang en Chine. S'adressant à tous les passionnés de l'art asiatique, bouddhistes ou encore néophytes, cet ouvrage fascinant permet de découvrir ou redécouvrir Bouddha, son histoire, ses codes mais aussi ses innombrables visages au travers de mille représentations sélectionnées parmi les plus belles oeuvres conservées dans les plus grands musées du monde.

1000 Bouddhas de Génie

En associant le mot rocaille, référence aux formes alambiquées des coquillages, à l'italien baroco, les Français donnèrent naissance au terme de « rococo ». Apparu au début du XVIIIe siècle, il s'étendit rapidement à l'ensemble de l'Europe. Extravagant et aérien, le Rococo répondait parfaitement à la désinvolture de l'aristocratie d'alors. Dans bien des aspects, cet art s'apparenta à son prédécesseur baroque, ce qui lui valut parfois le qualificatif de Baroque tardif.

Et, si des artistes tels Tiepolo, Boucher ou Reynolds portèrent le Rococo à son apogée, il fut souvent condamné pour sa superficialité. Dans la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle, le Rococo entama son déclin. À la fin du siècle, face à l'avènement du Néoclassicisme, il fut plongé dans l'obscurité et il fallut attendre près d'un siècle pour que les historiens de l'art lui rendent, à nouveau, l'éclat de son âge d'or, que nous font redécouvrir ici Klaus H. Carl et Victoria Charles.

Le Rococo

Die Renaissance begann gegen Ende des 14. Jahrhunderts in Italien und breitete sich bis zur zweiten Hälfte des 16. Jahrhunderts über ganz Europa aus. Die Wiederentdeckung der Pracht des griechischen und römischen Altertums markierte den Beginn der Wiedergeburt der Künste nach dem Zusammenbruch der dogmatischen Gewissheiten des Mittelalters. Eine ganze Reihe von Künstlern entwickelte in Malerei, Bildhauerei und Architektur Innovationen. Mit der Darstellung von Idealen und der Wirklichkeit, des Heiligen und des Profanen, etablierte die Bewegung einen Rahmen, der die europäische Kunst und Kultur der folgenden vier Jahrhunderte prägte.

Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Botticelli, Fra Angelico, Giorgione, Mantegna, Raffael, Dürer und Bruegel sind Künstler, die einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Kunst der Renaissance leisteten.

Die Kunst der Renaissance

Modigliani (1884-1920) was a painter of great unhappiness in his native Italy and felt only sorrow in his adopted country of France. Out of this discontent came forth Modigliani's original work, which was influenced by African art, the Cubists, and drunken nights in Montparnasse. 
His portrayal of women-sensual bodies, almost aggressive nudity, and mysterious faces-expresses their suffering and feelings of being unloved and unjustly disregarded. Modigliani died at the age of 36.

Modigliani

Dalí, Salvador (Figueras, 1904 - Torre-Galatea, 1989)

Peintre, artiste, créateur d'objets, écrivain et cinéaste, il est connu du public comme un des représentants majeur du surréalisme. Buñuel, Lorca, Picasso, Breton. : ces rencontres constituent autant d'étapes dans la carrière de Dalí. Réalisé avec Buñuel, le film Un chien andalou marque son entrée officielle dans le groupe des surréalistes parisiens où il rencontre Gala, la femme d'Éluard, qui deviendra sa compagne et son inspiratrice. Entre cet artiste éclectique et provocateur et les surréalistes parisiens, les relations se tendront progressivement à partir de 1934 jusqu'à la rupture avec Breton, cinq ans plus tard. Pourtant, l'art de Dalí relève bien de l'esthétique surréaliste dont il a conservé le goût pour le dépaysement, l'humour et l'imagination.

Dalí

Picasso was born a Spaniard and, so they say, began to draw before he could speak. As an infant he was instinctively attracted to artist's tools. In early childhood he could spend hours in happy concentration drawing spirals with a sense and meaning known only to himself. At other times, shunning children's games, he traced his first pictures in the sand. This early self-expression held out promise of a rare gift. Málaga must be mentioned, for it was there, on 25 October 1881, that Pablo Ruiz Picasso was born and it was there that he spent the first ten years of his life. Picasso's father was a painter and professor at the School of Fine Arts and Crafts. Picasso learnt from him the basics of formal academic art training. Then he studied at the Academy of Arts in Madrid but never finished his degree. Picasso, who was not yet eighteen, had reached the point of his greatest rebelliousness; he repudiated academia's anemic aesthetics along with realism's pedestrian prose and, quite naturally, joined those who called themselves modernists, the non-conformist artists and writers, those whom Sabartés called "the élite of Catalan thought" and who were grouped around the artists' café Els Quatre Gats. During 1899 and 1900 the only subjects Picasso deemed worthy of painting were those which reflected the "final truth"; the transience of human life and the inevitability of death. His early works, ranged under the name of "Blue Period" (1901-1904), consist in blue-tinted paintings influenced by a trip through Spain and the death of his friend, Casagemas. Even though Picasso himself repeatedly insisted on the inner, subjective nature of the Blue Period, its genesis and, especially, the monochromatic blue were for many years explained as merely the results of various aesthetic influences. Between 1905 and 1907, Picasso entered a new phase, called "Rose Period" characterised by a more cheerful style with orange and pink colours. In Gosol, in the summer of 1906 the nude female form assumed an extraordinary importance for Picasso; he equated a depersonalised, aboriginal, simple nakedness with the concept of "woman". The importance that female nudes were to assume as subjects for Picasso in the next few months (in the winter and spring of 1907) came when he developed the composition of the large painting, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Just as African art is usually considered the factor leading to the development of Picasso's classic aesthetics in 1907, the lessons of Cézanne are perceived as the cornerstone of this new progression. This relates, first of all, to a spatial conception of the canvas as a composed entity, subjected to a certain constructive system. Georges Braque, with whom Picasso became friends in the autumn of 1908 and together with whom he led Cubism during the six years of its apogee, was amazed by the similarity of Picasso's pictorial experiments to his own. He explained that: "Cubism's main direction was the materialisation of space." After his Cubist period, in the 1920s, Picasso returned to a more figurative style and got closer to the surrealist movement. He represented distorted and monstrous bodies but in a very personal style. After the bombing of Guernica during 1937, Picasso made one of his most famous works which starkly symbolises the horrors of that war and, indeed, all wars. In the 1960s, his art changed again and Picasso began looking at the art of great masters and based his paintings on ones by Velázquez, Poussin, Goya, Manet, Courbet and Delacroix. Picasso's final works were a mixture of style, becoming more colourful, expressive and optimistic. Picasso died in 1973, in his villa in Mougins. The Russian Symbolist Georgy Chulkov wrote: "Picasso's death is tragic. Yet how blind and naïve are those who believe in imitating Picasso and learning from him. Learning what? For these forms have no corresponding emotions outside of Hell. But to be in Hell means to anticipate death. The Cubists are hardly privy to such unlimited knowledge".

La Sécession Viennoise

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