Symbolism appeared in France and Europe between the 1880s and the beginning of the 20th century. The Symbolists, fascinated with ancient mythology, attempted to escape the reign of rational thought imposed by science. They wished to transcend the world of the visible and the rational in order to attain the world of pure thought, constantly flirting with the limits of the unconscious.
The French Gustave Moreau, Odilon Redon, the Belgians Fernand Khnopff and Félicien Rops, the English Edward Burne-Jones and Dante Gabriel Rossetti, and the Dutch Jan Toorop are the most representative artists of the movement.

Symbolism

Pierre Bonnard était le chef d'un groupe de peintres post-impressionnistes. Ils se nommèrent eux-mêmes les Nabis, du mot hébreux signifiant 'prophète'. Bonnard, Vuillard, Roussel, Denis, les plus illustres des Nabis, ont révolutionné l'esprit des techniques décoratives durant l'une des époques les plus riches de la peinture française. Influencés par Odilon Redon, Puvis de Chavannes, l'imagerie populaire ou les estampes japonaises, ces post-impressionnistes furent avant tout un groupe d'amis fréquentat les mêmes milieux culturels. L'individualisme croissant de leurs créations ébranla souvent l'unité du groupe. Bien que liés par une même philosophie, leurs oeuvres divergeaient nettement. Cet ouvrage permet de les comparer et de les mettre en perspective les unes avec les autres.

Les oeuvres présentées dans cet ouvrage offrent une palette d'expressions merveilleusement poétiques : candide chez Bonnard, ornementale et mystérieuse chez Vuillard, doucement rêveuse chez Denis, âpre jusqu'à l'amertume chez Valloton, l'auteur nous fait partager la vie intime des artistes jusqu'à la source profonde de leurs dons créatifs. Bonnard et de nabis do

Bonnard

Since his death 100 years ago, Cézanne has become the most famous painter of the nineteenth century. He was born in Aix-en-Provence in 1839 and the happiest period of his life was his early youth in Provence, in company with Emile Zolá, another Italian. Following Zolá's example, Cézanne went to Paris in his twenty-first year. 

 During the Franco-Prussian war he deserted the military, dividing his time between open-air painting and the studio. He said to Vollard, an art dealer, "I'm only a painter. Parisian wit gives me a pain. Painting nudes on the banks of the Arc [a river near Aix] is all I could ask for." Encouraged by Renoir, one of the first to appreciate him, he exhibited with the impressionists in 1874 and in 1877. He was received with derision, which deeply hurt him.

 Cézanne's ambition, in his own words, was "to make out of Impressionism something as solid and durable as the paintings of the museums." His aim was to achieve the monumental in a modern language of glowing, vibrating tones. Cézanne wanted to retain the natural colour of an object and to harmonise it with the various influences of light and shade trying to destroy it; to work out a scale of tones expressing the mass and character of the form.

 Cézanne loved to paint fruit because it afforded him obedient models and he was a slow worker. He did not intend to simply copy an apple. He kept the dominant colour and the character of the fruit, but heightened the emotional appeal of the form by a scheme of rich and concordant tones. In his paintings of still-life he is a master. His fruit and vegetable compositions are truly dramatic; they have the weight, the nobility, the style of immortal forms. No other painter ever brought to a red apple a conviction so heated, sympathy so genuinely spiritual, or an observation so protracted. No other painter of equal ability ever reserved for still-life his strongest impulses. Cézanne restored to painting the pre-eminence of knowledge, the most essential quality to all creative effort.

 The death of his father in 1886 made him a rich man, but he made no change in his abstemious mode of living. Soon afterwards, Cézanne retired permanently to his estate in Provence. He was probably the loneliest of painters of his day. At times a curious melancholy attacked him, a black hopelessness. He grew more savage and exacting, destroying canvases, throwing them out of his studio into the trees, abandoning them in the fields, and giving them to his son to cut into puzzles, or to the people of Aix.

 At the beginning of the century, when Vollard arrived in Provence with intentions of buying on speculation all the Cézannes he could get hold of, the peasantry, hearing that a fool from Paris was actually handing out money for old linen, produced from barns a considerable number of still-lifes and landscapes. The old master of Aix was overcome with joy, but recognition came too late. In 1906 he died from a fever contracted while painting in a downpour of rain.

Cézanne

Die Naive Kunst, die von ungelernten Malern geschaffen wurde und sich durch ihre Spontaneität und Einfachheit definiert, war bis zu ihrer Entdeckung durch professionelle Künstler und Kritiker Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts wenig bekannt. Durch primitivere Kunstformen beeinflusst zeichnet sich Naive Malerei durch klare Linien, einfache Formen, Lebendigkeit und frhliche Farben aus.

Franzsiche Künstler wie Henri Rousseau, Séraphine de Senlis, André Bauchant und Camille Bombois gehren zu den Hauptrepräsentanten. Nichtdestotrotz gibt es auch in anderen Ländern bekannte Künstler wie Guido Vedovato, Niko Pirosmani und Ivan Generalic. Dieses Buch präsentiert die große Bandbreite der Naiven Kunst in praktischem Format und ist so das perfekte Geschenk für alle Kunstbegeisterten.

Naive Kunst

Naive art first became popular at the end of the 19th century. Until that time, this form of expression, created by untrained artists and characterised by spontaneity and simplicity, enjoyed little recognition from professional artists and art critics. Influenced by primitive arts, naive painting is distinguished by the fluidity of its lines, vivacity, and joyful colours, as well as by its rather clean-cut, simple shapes.
Naive art counts among it artists: Henri Rousseau, Séraphine de Senlis, André Bauchant, and Camille Bombois. This movement has also found adherents abroad, including such prominent artists as Joan Miró, Guido Vedovato, Niko Pirosmani, and Ivan Generalic.

Naive Art

Mary Cassatt (Pittsburg, 1844, - Château de Beaufresne, 1926)

Mary est née à Pittsburgh. Son père était un banquier très libéral en matière d'éducation, et toute la famille semblait manifester une certaine sympathie pour la culture française.

Mary n'avait pas plus de cinq ou six ans lorsqu'elle vit Paris pour la première fois, et elle était encore adolescente quand elle décida de devenir peintre. Elle se rendit en Italie, puis

tourna ses pas vers Anvers, pour retourner à Rome et finalement, revenir à Paris, où, en 1874, elle s'installa définitivement.

En 1872, elle envoya ses premières oeuvres au Salon ; d'autres suivirent jusqu'en 1875, année où elle envoya un portrait de sa soeur, qui fut refusé. Elle devina que le jury n'avait pas aimé l'arrière-plan, c'est pourquoi elle le retravailla à maintes reprises pour le renvoyer au Salon de l'année suivante, où il fut finalement accepté. A ce moment-là, Degas lui demanda d'exposer avec lui et ses amis du groupe des impressionnistes, dont la popularité allait croissant, et elle accepta avec joie. Elle admirait Manet, Courbet, et Degas, et détestait l'art conventionnel. Son biographe insiste sur son intellectualité et ses sentiments, sur les émotions et les nuances avec lesquelles elle peignait ses modèle préférés : les bébés et leurs mères. Il parle aussi de son intérêt particulier pour le dessin et sa maîtrise du trait, un don renforcé par son étude approfondie de l'art japonais, imitant son style dans des gravures en couleur. Si son style puise à diverses sources, en revanche son dessin, ses compositions, sa lumière et ses couleurs, sont les siennes. Ses toiles possèdent une certaine délicatesse dont peut-être seule une femme est capable, mais les qualités qui ont inscrit son oeuvre dans la postérité, sont, elles, d'une nature que seul un peintre extraordinaire peut produire.

Cassatt

Pierre-Auguste Renoir was born in Limoges on 25 February 1841. In 1854, the boy's parents took him from school and found a place for him in the Lévy brothers' workshop, where he was to learn to paint porcelain. Renoir's younger brother Edmond had this to say this about the move: "From what he drew in charcoal on the walls, they concluded that he had the ability for an artist's profession. That was how our parents came to put him to learn the trade of porcelain painter." One of the Lévys' workers, Emile Laporte, painted in oils in his spare time. He suggested Renoir makes use of his canvases and paints. This offer resulted in the appearance of the first painting by the future impressionist. In 1862 Renoir passed the examinations and entered the Ecole des Beaux-Arts and, simultaneously, one of the independent studios, where instruction was given by Charles Gleyre, a professor at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts. The second, perhaps even the first, great event of this period in Renoir's life was his meeting, in Gleyre's studio, with those who were to become his best friends for the rest of his days and who shared his ideas about art. Much later, when he was already a mature artist, Renoir had the opportunity to see works by Rembrandt in Holland, Velázquez, Goya and El Greco in Spain, and Raphael in Italy. However, Renoir lived and breathed ideas of a new kind of art. He always found his inspirations in the Louvre. "For me, in the Gleyre era, the Louvre was Delacroix, " he confessed to Jean. For Renoir, the First Impressionist Exhibition was the moment his vision of art and the artist was affirmed. This period in Renoir's life was marked by one further significant event. In 1873 he moved to Montmartre, to the house at 35 Rue Saint-Georges, where he lived until 1884. Renoir remained loyal to Montmartre for the rest of his life. Here he found his "plein-air" subjects, his models and even his family. It was in the 1870s that Renoir acquired the friends who would stay with him for the remainder of his days. One of them was the art-dealer Paul Durand-Ruel, who began to buy his paintings in 1872. In summer, Renoir continued to paint a great deal outdoors together with Monet. He would travel out to Argenteuil, where Monet rented a house for his family. Edouard Manet sometimes worked with them too. In 1877, at the Third Impressionist Exhibition, Renoir presented a panorama of over twenty paintings. They included landscapes created in Paris, on the Seine, outside the city and in Claude Monet's garden; studies of women's heads and bouquets of flowers; portraits of Sisley, the actress Jeanne Samary, the writer Alphonse Daudet and the politician Spuller; and also The Swing and The Ball at the Moulin de la Galette. Finally, in the 1880s Renoir hit a "winning streak". He was commissioned by rich financiers, the owner of the Grands Magasins du Louvre and Senator Goujon. His paintings were exhibited in London and Brussels, as well as at the Seventh International Exhibition held at Georges Petit's in Paris in 1886. In a letter to Durand-Ruel, then in New York, Renoir wrote: "The Petit exhibition has opened and is not doing badly, so they say. After all, it's so hard to judge about yourself. I think I have managed to take a step forward towards public respect. A small step, but even that is something."

Renoir

Pierre-Auguste Renoir  werd geboren in Limoges op 25 februari 1841 en stierf in  Cagnes-sur-Mer op 3 december 1919. Hij was een Frans impressionistisch kunstschilder. Al op zijn dertiende werkte Renoir als leerling-schilder. Hij schilderde bloemen op keramiek. Toen dit proces werd geautomatiseerd moest hij overstappen op andere objecten. In 1862 sloot hij zich aan bij de Atelier Gleyre van Charles Gleyre en maakte kennis met Claude Monet, Alfred Sisley en Frederic Bazille, later ontmoette hij ook Camille Pissarro en Paul Cézanne. Hij heeft samen met Monet de principes van het impressionisme uitgewerkt. In de jaren '80 liet hij de impressionistische stijl achter zich en begon hij een zoektocht naar een vastere vorm en compositie. Hij werkte heel precies en nauwgezet, met een koeler en gladder kleurgebruik. Later keerde hij terug naar de warme kleuren en de vrijere penseelvoering. Hij maakte veel naakten in warm zonlicht (Les Baigneuses). In 1888 kreeg Pierre-Auguste Renoir een eerste aanval van reumatoide artritis, een vorm van reuma. Een jaar daarna raakte zijn rechterarm verlamd. Ondanks de pijn werkte hij door, met een penseel aan zijn pols gebonden.

Symbolism

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