Dali

Goya is perhaps the most approachable of painters. His art, like his life, is an open book. He concealed nothing from his contemporaries, and offered his art to them with the same frankness. The entrance to his world is not barricaded with technical difficulties. He proved that if a man has the capacity to live and multiply his experiences, to fight and work, he can produce great art without classical decorum and traditional respectability. He was born in 1746, in Fuendetodos, a small mountain village of a hundred inhabitants. As a child he worked in the fields with his two brothers and his sister until his talent for drawing put an end to his misery. At fourteen, supported by a wealthy patron, he went to Saragossa to study with a court painter and later, when he was nineteen, on to Madrid. Up to his thirty-seventh year, if we leave out of account the tapestry cartoons of unheralded decorative quality and five small pictures, Goya painted nothing of any significance, but once in control of his refractory powers, he produced masterpieces with the speed of Rubens. His court appointment was followed by a decade of incessant activity - years of painting and scandal, with intervals of bad health. Goya's etchings demonstrate a draughtsmanship of the first rank. In paint, like Velázquez, he is more or less dependent on the model, but not in the detached fashion of the expert in still-life. If a woman was ugly, he made her a despicable horror; if she was alluring, he dramatised her charm. He preferred to finish his portraits at one sitting and was a tyrant with his models. Like Velázquez, he concentrated on faces, but he drew his heads cunningly, and constructed them out of tones of transparent greys. Monstrous forms inhabit his black-and-white world: these are his most profoundly deliberated productions. His fantastic figures, as he called them, fill us with a sense of ignoble joy, aggravate our devilish instincts and delight us with the uncharitable ecstasies of destruction. His genius attained its highest point in his etchings on the horrors of war. When placed beside the work of Goya, other pictures of war pale into sentimental studies of cruelty. He avoided the scattered action of the battlefield, and confined himself to isolated scenes of butchery. Nowhere else did he display such mastery of form and movement, such dramatic gestures and appalling effects of light and darkness. In all directions Goya renewed and innovated.

Goya

« Tous les êtres vivants sont Bouddha et ont en eux sagesse et vertu. » (Bouddha) Bouddha fait partie des personnages sacrés les plus représentés au monde, peut-être plus que ne l'est le Christ, sujet largement traité par les artistes du monde occidental. Personnage adulé par tous, Bouddha fut représenté de toutes les manières, que ce soit en sculpture, parfois de façon monumentale, tels les bouddhas de Bamiyan aujourd'hui disparus, sur des peintures, mais surtout sur des fresques dans d'innombrables grottes comme celles d'Ajanta en Inde ou de Dunhuang en Chine. S'adressant à tous les passionnés de l'art asiatique, bouddhistes ou encore néophytes, cet ouvrage fascinant permet de découvrir ou redécouvrir Bouddha, son histoire, ses codes mais aussi ses innombrables visages au travers de mille représentations sélectionnées parmi les plus belles oeuvres conservées dans les plus grands musées du monde.

1000 Bouddhas de Génie

Dürer is the greatest of German artists and most representative of the German mind. He, like Leonardo, was a man of striking physical attractiveness, great charm of manner and conversation, and mental accomplishment, being well grounded in the sciences and mathematics of the day. His skill in draughtsmanship was extraordinary; Dürer is even more celebrated for his engravings on wood and copper than for his paintings. With both, the skill of his hand was at the service of the most minute observation and analytical research into the character and structure of form. Dürer, however, had not the feeling for abstract beauty and ideal grace that Leonardo possessed; but instead, a profound earnestness, a closer interest in humanity, and a more dramatic invention. Dürer was a great admirer of Luther; and in his own work is the equivalent of what was mighty in the Reformer. It is very serious and sincere; very human, and addressed the hearts and understanding of the masses. Nuremberg, his hometown, had become a great centre of printing and the chief distributor of books throughout Europe. Consequently, the art of engraving upon wood and copper, which may be called the pictorial branch of printing, was much encouraged. Of this opportunity Dürer took full advantage. The Renaissance in Germany was more a moral and intellectual than an artistic movement, partly due to northern conditions. The feeling for ideal grace and beauty is fostered by the study of the human form, and this had been flourishing predominantly in southern Europe. But Albrecht Dürer had a genius too powerful to be conquered. He remained profoundly Germanic in his stormy penchant for drama, as was his contemporary Mathias Grünewald, a fantastic visionary and rebel against all Italian seductions. Dürer, in spite of all his tense energy, dominated conflicting passions by a sovereign and speculative intelligence comparable with that of Leonardo. He, too, was on the border of two worlds, that of the Gothic age and that of the modern age, and on the border of two arts, being an engraver and draughtsman rather than a painter.

Albrecht Dürer and artworks

John Constable was the first English landscape painter to take no lessons from the Dutch. He is rather indebted to the landscapes of Rubens, but his real model was Gainsborough, whose landscapes, with great trees planted in well-balanced masses on land sloping upwards towards the frame, have a rhythm often found in Rubens. Constable's originality does not lie in his choice of subjects, which frequently repeated themes beloved by Gainsborough. Nevertheless, Constable seems to belong to a new century; he ushered in a new era. The difference in his approach results both from technique and feeling. Excepting the French, Constable was the first landscape painter to consider as a primary and essential task the sketch made direct from nature at a single sitting; an idea which contains in essence the destinies of modern landscape, and perhaps of most modern painting. It is this momentary impression of all things which will be the soul of the future work. Working at leisure upon the large canvas, an artist's aim is to enrich and complete the sketch while retaining its pristine freshness. These are the two processes to which Constable devoted himself, while discovering the exuberant abundance of life in the simplest of country places. He had the palette of a creative colourist and a technique of vivid hatchings heralding that of the French impressionists. He audaciously and frankly introduced green into painting, the green of lush meadows, the green of summer foliage, all the greens which, until then, painters had refused to see except through bluish, yellow, or more often brown spectacles. Of the great landscape painters who occupied so important a place in nineteenth-century art, Corot was probably the only one to escape the influence of Constable. All the others are more or less direct descendants of the master of East Bergholt.

Constable

Le style Art déco fut érigé sur les cendres d'un monde dévasté par la première guerre mondiale. S'oubliant dans le tourbillon du Jazz Age et de l'ivresse des années folles, la mince « Garçonne » reflète le style architectural de l'Art déco : aux sinusoïdes généreuses sont désormais préférées la simplicité et la sobriété de la droite androgyne... Architecture, peinture, mobilier et sculpture, analysés ici par l'auteur, revendiquent leur préférence pour les lignes incisives et arbitraires, les angles cassés et volontaires. Bien qu'éphémère, l'Art déco continue encore d'influencer le design contemporain.

Art déco

A escultura Mega Square estende-se ao longo de 23.000 anos e mais de 120 exemplos das melhores esculturas do mundo: da arte pré-histórica e estátuas Egípcias aos trabalhos de Miguel Ângelo, Henry Moore e Niki de Saint-Phalle. É uma amostra da grande variedade de materiais utilizados e da evolução de estilos ao longo dos séculos, assim como das particularidades dos escultores mais importantes.

Escultura

Gemäß den etablierten kunsttechnischen Grundsätzen sollte ein Porträt vor allem ein naturgetreues Abbild der porträtierten Person darstellen. Im Laufe der Geschichte hat sich dieses Genre jedoch als weitaus komplexer erwiesen als es diese Richtlinie, die eine simple Nachahmung der Natur vorzuschreiben scheint, ausdrücken könnte. Das vorliegende Buch illustriert anhand einer umfangreichen Galerie von 1000 Porträts diese historische Entwicklung und bemüht sich darüberhinaus, dem umfangreichen Genre der Porträtmalerei gerecht zu werden. Denn das Porträt ist mehr als die bloße Nachahmung der Natur und muss über eine bloße Zurschaustellung der Fähigkeiten seines Schöpfers hinausgehen. So präzise und naturgetreu es auch sein mag, muss das Porträt vor allem der Vorstellung des Künstlers sowie der des Auftraggebers gerecht werden, ohne dass dabei die Erwartungen einer der beiden Parteien enttäuscht werden. Die hier ausgewählten Porträts, diese stummen Zeugen ihrer Zeit, sind deshalb mehr als nur die Gesichter historischer Figuren oder unbekannter Personen; sie enthüllen eher psychologische Tiefe als Identität, illustrieren Allegorien, dienen politischer und religiöser Propaganda und spiegeln die vergessenen Bräuche längst vergangener Epochen wider. Mit einer wahrhaft eindrucksvollen Auswahl an Meisterwerken der Porträtmalerei, begleitenden Kommentaren und biografischen Texten präsentiert dieses Werk eine umfangreiche Analyse verschiedenster Bildnisse, die dem Leser die Welt der Porträtmalerei eröffnen wird; einem Genre, das nicht nur effektiv die Entwicklung der Gesellschaft widerspiegelt, sondern auch die Kunstgeschichte über dreitausend Jahre hinweg maßgeblich beeinflusst hat.

1000 Meisterwerke der Malerei

En associant le mot rocaille, référence aux formes alambiquées des coquillages, à l'italien baroco, les Français donnèrent naissance au terme de « rococo ». Apparu au début du XVIIIe siècle, il s'étendit rapidement à l'ensemble de l'Europe. Extravagant et aérien, le Rococo répondait parfaitement à la désinvolture de l'aristocratie d'alors. Dans bien des aspects, cet art s'apparenta à son prédécesseur baroque, ce qui lui valut parfois le qualificatif de Baroque tardif.

Et, si des artistes tels Tiepolo, Boucher ou Reynolds portèrent le Rococo à son apogée, il fut souvent condamné pour sa superficialité. Dans la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle, le Rococo entama son déclin. À la fin du siècle, face à l'avènement du Néoclassicisme, il fut plongé dans l'obscurité et il fallut attendre près d'un siècle pour que les historiens de l'art lui rendent, à nouveau, l'éclat de son âge d'or, que nous font redécouvrir ici Klaus H. Carl et Victoria Charles.

Dali

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