Em cada período histórico revela-se uma nova definição da beleza feminina. As imagens da beleza feminina não só expressam o desejo íntimo dos pintores, mas revelam também os padrões de beleza contemporâneos. Um dos pintores que amou as mulheres, Renoir, reviu o corpo feminino do século XIX, conferindo-lhe um novo charme, principalmente através da utilização da côr. Nesta viagem pelas obras do artista, as mulheres de Renoir são apresentadas como criaturas de carne e osso, que sugerem ser capazes de dar e receber amor.

Renoir

For Claude Monet the designation 'impressionist' always remained a source of pride. In spite of all the things critics have written about his work, Monet continued to be a true impressionist to the end of his very long life. He was so by deep conviction, and for his Impressionism he may have sacrificed many other opportunities that his enormous talent held out to him. Monet did not paint classical compositions with figures, and he did not become a portraitist, although his professional training included those skills. He chose a single genre for himself, landscape painting, and in that he achieved a degree of perfection none of his contemporaries managed to attain. Yet the little boy began by drawing caricatures. Boudin advised Monet to stop doing caricatures and to take up landscapes instead. The sea, the sky, animals, people, and trees are beautiful in the exact state in which nature created them - surrounded by air and light. Indeed, it was Boudin who passed on to Monet his conviction of the importance of working in the open air, which Monet would in turn transmit to his impressionist friends. Monet did not want to enrol at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts. He chose to attend a private school, L'Académie Suisse, established by an ex-model on the Quai d'Orfèvres near the Pont Saint-Michel. One could draw and paint from a live model there for a modest fee. This was where Monet met the future impressionist Camille Pissarro. Later in Gleyre's studio, Monet met Auguste Renoir Alfred Sisley, and Frédéric Bazille. Monet considered it very important that Boudin be introduced to his new friends. He also told his friends of another painter he had found in Normandy. This was the remarkable Dutchman Jongkind. His landscapes were saturated with colour, and their sincerity, at times even their naïveté, was combined with subtle observation of the Normandy shore's variable nature. At this time Monet's landscapes were not yet characterized by great richness of colour. Rather, they recalled the tonalities of paintings by the Barbizon artists, and Boudin's seascapes. He composed a range of colour based on yellow-brown or blue-grey. At the Third Impressionist Exhibition in 1877 Monet presented a series of paintings for the first time: seven views of the Saint-Lazare train station. He selected them from among twelve he had painted at the station. This motif in Monet's work is in line not only with Manet's Chemin de fer (The Railway) and with his own landscapes featuring trains and stations at Argenteuil, but also with a trend that surfaced after the railways first began to appear. In 1883, Monet had bought a house in the village of Giverny, near the little town of Vernon. At Giverny, series painting became one of his chief working procedures. Meadows became his permanent workplace. When a journalist, who had come from Vétheuil to interview Monet, asked him where his studio was, the painter answered, "My studio! I've never had a studio, and I can't see why one would lock oneself up in a room. To draw, yes - to paint, no". Then, broadly gesturing towards the Seine, the hills, and the silhouette of the little town, he declared, "There's my real studio."Monet began to go to London in the last decade of the nineteenth century. He began all his London paintings working directly from nature, but completed many of them afterwards, at Giverny. The series formed an indivisible whole, and the painter had to work on all his canvases at one time. A friend of Monet's, the writer Octave Mirbeau, wrote that he had accomplished a miracle. With the help of colours he had succeeded in recreating on the canvas something almost impossible to capture: he was reproducing sunlight, enriching it with an infinite number of reflections. Alone among the impressionists, Claude Monet took an almost scientific study of the possibilities of colour to its limits; it is unlikely that one could have gone any further in that direction.

Monet

"Vater Pissaro", wie seine Freunde ihn gern nannten, war wohl der nüchternste der Impressionisten. Vielleicht lag es an seinem Alter (welches weitaus fortgeschrittener war, als das seiner Kollegen Monet, Sisley, Bazille und Renoir) oder vielmehr an seiner Lebenserfahrung, die seine Werke sowohl in ihren Themen als auch in ihrer Komposition durchaus ruhig und schlicht erscheinen lassen. 

Ein Mann mit einfachem Geschmack, der es genoss, die Landbevölkerung in den Straßen zu malen, auch wenn er später mit seinen Stadtansichten Berühmtheit erlangen sollte, die er mit derselben Leidenschaft fertigte, die in ihm aufkam, wenn er wieder einen stürmischen Himmel oder den vom Frost gezeichneten Morgen auf die Leinwand bannte.

Pissarro

Since his death 100 years ago, Cézanne has become the most famous painter of the nineteenth century. He was born in Aix-en-Provence in 1839 and the happiest period of his life was his early youth in Provence, in company with Emile Zolá, another Italian. Following Zolá's example, Cézanne went to Paris in his twenty-first year. 

 During the Franco-Prussian war he deserted the military, dividing his time between open-air painting and the studio. He said to Vollard, an art dealer, "I'm only a painter. Parisian wit gives me a pain. Painting nudes on the banks of the Arc [a river near Aix] is all I could ask for." Encouraged by Renoir, one of the first to appreciate him, he exhibited with the impressionists in 1874 and in 1877. He was received with derision, which deeply hurt him.

 Cézanne's ambition, in his own words, was "to make out of Impressionism something as solid and durable as the paintings of the museums." His aim was to achieve the monumental in a modern language of glowing, vibrating tones. Cézanne wanted to retain the natural colour of an object and to harmonise it with the various influences of light and shade trying to destroy it; to work out a scale of tones expressing the mass and character of the form.

 Cézanne loved to paint fruit because it afforded him obedient models and he was a slow worker. He did not intend to simply copy an apple. He kept the dominant colour and the character of the fruit, but heightened the emotional appeal of the form by a scheme of rich and concordant tones. In his paintings of still-life he is a master. His fruit and vegetable compositions are truly dramatic; they have the weight, the nobility, the style of immortal forms. No other painter ever brought to a red apple a conviction so heated, sympathy so genuinely spiritual, or an observation so protracted. No other painter of equal ability ever reserved for still-life his strongest impulses. Cézanne restored to painting the pre-eminence of knowledge, the most essential quality to all creative effort.

 The death of his father in 1886 made him a rich man, but he made no change in his abstemious mode of living. Soon afterwards, Cézanne retired permanently to his estate in Provence. He was probably the loneliest of painters of his day. At times a curious melancholy attacked him, a black hopelessness. He grew more savage and exacting, destroying canvases, throwing them out of his studio into the trees, abandoning them in the fields, and giving them to his son to cut into puzzles, or to the people of Aix.

 At the beginning of the century, when Vollard arrived in Provence with intentions of buying on speculation all the Cézannes he could get hold of, the peasantry, hearing that a fool from Paris was actually handing out money for old linen, produced from barns a considerable number of still-lifes and landscapes. The old master of Aix was overcome with joy, but recognition came too late. In 1906 he died from a fever contracted while painting in a downpour of rain.

Cézanne

Az e-knyv a Kossuth Kiadó által nyomtatásban megjelentetett nagysiker? Világhíres fest?k cím? sorozat azonos cím? ktetének szveganyagát tartalmazza, az illusztrációk nélkül. A fld az istenek paradicsoma: ezt akarom megfesteni.  Pierre Auguste Renoir a francia impresszionista fest? ars poeticája sokmindent elárul err?l a fantasztikus tehetség? m?vészr?l, aki soha nem lett h?tlen nmagához, veleszületett életrme, der?je, kiegyensúlyozottsága sohasem hagyta el. Talán ezért kedvelik m?veit a világ minden táján. Renoir festészete szüntelen ünnep, elébünk varázsolja korának kis paradicsomait, amelyekben ma is rmünket leljük. Életrajzi knyvünk a teljes alkotói életm? legfontosabb eseményeit villantja fel.

Der Symbolismus ist eine Erscheinung des Fin-de-Siècle, der seinen Anfang in den 1880er Jahren in Frankreich nahm und zu Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts auch im übrigen Europa Fuß fasste. Die von der antiken Mythologie faszinierten Symbolisten versuchten, sich der von der Wissenschaft etablierten Herrschaft der Rationalität zu entziehen. Sie wollten die sichtbare Welt und die Vernunft überwinden, um zur Welt des reinen Denkens und der Ästhetik, ja sogar zum Unterbewusstsein, vorzudringen.
Die Franzosen Gustave Moreau, Odilon Redon, die Belgier Fernand Khnopff und Félicien Rops, die Engländer Edward Burne-Jones und Dante Gabriel Rossetti sowie der Holländer Jan Toorop sind die herausragenden Repräsentanten dieser Kunstrichtung.

Symbolismus

Az e-knyv a Kossuth Kiadó által nyomtatásban megjelentetett nagysiker? Világhíres fest?k cím? sorozat azonos cím? ktetének szveganyagát tartalmazza, az illusztrációk nélkül. Toulouse-Lautrec, az antikonformista, a konvenciókra fittyet hányó m?vész szerepét teljesen tudatosan vette magára, m?veinek keresettebb, kifinomultabb hedonizmusában aprólékosan kidolgozott perverz és dekadens elemek és tónusok egyaránt jellemz?ek.Lautrec groteszk m?veiben Párizs, a menthetetlenül dekadens város mítosza emelkedik m?vészi magaslatokba. A Fények városát a kortárs német m?vészettrténész, Julius Meier-Graefe  aki egyébként az 1890-es években igen sokat tett Toulouse-Lautrec nemzetkzi elismertetéséért  1899-ben így jellemezte: Franciaország, e nagyszer? és balvégzet? ország ma egy rogyadozó bálteremhez hasonlít, ahol a leggyalázatosabb b?nket és a heroikus tetteket egymás mellett, sokszor talán egyazon emberek kvetik el. A bálterem már lángra kapott, de a mélyén Lautrec múzsája még utolsó, fenségesen torz rdgi kánkánját ropja. E dekadens bálterem m?vésze, s ugyanakkor egyik árnya maga Lautrec, akit  akárcsak a sorvadásos Aubrey Beardsley  fogyatékosságával már testi valójában is a dekadens századvég, a fin de siècle él? szimbólumának lehetne tekinteni.

Toulouse-Lautrec

Whilst Impressionism marked the first steps toward modern painting by revolutionising an artistic medium stifled by academic conventions, Post-Impressionism, even more revolutionary, completely liberated colour and opened it to new, unknown horizons. Anchored in his epoch, relying on the new chromatic studies of Michel Eugène Chevreul, Georges Seurat transcribed the chemist's theory of colours into tiny points that created an entire image. With his heavy strokes, Van Gogh illustrated the midday sun, whilst Cézanne renounced perspective. Rich in its variety and in the singularity of its artists, Post-Impressionism was a passage taken by all the well-known figures of 20th century painting - it is here presented, for the great pleasure of the reader, by Nathalia Brodskaïa.

Post-Impressionism

Pierre Bonnard était le chef d'un groupe de peintres post-impressionnistes. Ils se nommèrent eux-mêmes les Nabis, du mot hébreux signifiant 'prophète'. Bonnard, Vuillard, Roussel, Denis, les plus illustres des Nabis, ont révolutionné l'esprit des techniques décoratives durant l'une des époques les plus riches de la peinture française. Influencés par Odilon Redon, Puvis de Chavannes, l'imagerie populaire ou les estampes japonaises, ces post-impressionnistes furent avant tout un groupe d'amis fréquentat les mêmes milieux culturels. L'individualisme croissant de leurs créations ébranla souvent l'unité du groupe. Bien que liés par une même philosophie, leurs oeuvres divergeaient nettement. Cet ouvrage permet de les comparer et de les mettre en perspective les unes avec les autres.

Les oeuvres présentées dans cet ouvrage offrent une palette d'expressions merveilleusement poétiques : candide chez Bonnard, ornementale et mystérieuse chez Vuillard, doucement rêveuse chez Denis, âpre jusqu'à l'amertume chez Valloton, l'auteur nous fait partager la vie intime des artistes jusqu'à la source profonde de leurs dons créatifs. Bonnard et de nabis do

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