Painter, designer, creator of bizarre objects, author and film maker, Dalí became the most famous of the Surrealists. Buñuel, Lorca, Picasso and Breton all had a great influence on his career. Dalí's film, An Andalusian Dog, produced with Buñuel, marked his official entry into the tightly-knit group of Parisian Surrealists, where he met Gala, the woman who became his lifelong companion and his source of inspiration. But his relationship soon deteriorated until his final rift with André Breton in 1939. Nevertheless Dalí's art remained surrealist in its philosophy and expression and a prime example of his freshness, humour and exploration of the subconscious mind. Throughout his life, Dalí was a genius at self-promotion, creating and maintaining his reputation as a mythical figure.

Dalí

Terme entré dans l'usage courant au cours de la première moitié du XIXe siècle, l'art roman distingue, en histoire de l'art, la période qui s'étend entre le début du XIe siècle jusqu'à la fin du XIIe siècle. Révélant une grande diversité d'écoles régionales, chacune démontrant ses spécificités, l'art roman, dans l'architecture comme dans la sculpture, est marqué par ses formes brutes. Par sa riche iconographie, au fil d'un texte captivant, cet ouvrage nous propose de redécouvrir cet art médiéval, encore souvent trop peu considéré face à l'art gothique qui lui succéda.

L'Art roman

Marc Chagall (Vitebsk, 1887 - Saint-Paul-de-Vence, 1985)

Chagall est né dans une famille juive de stricte obédience pour laquelle l'interdit de représentation de la figure humaine avait valeur

de dogme. Après un échec à l'examen d'entrée à l'école des Arts et Métiers du baron Stieglitz, Chagall intègre plus tard celle fondée par

la Société impériale d'encouragement des Beaux-Arts dirigée par Nicolas Roerich.

En 1910, il s'installe à Paris qui sera son « second Vitebsk ». Chagall retrouve à la Ruche de nombreux compatriotes attirés, eux aussi, par le prestige de Paris. Lipchitz, Zadkine, Archipenko, Soutine qui maintiendront, autour du jeune peintre, le parfum de sa terre natale. Les auteurs des premières études sur Chagall relevaient déjà que Paris avait influencé sa manière picturale, avait apporté une nervosité

frêle et une netteté aux lignes qui répondent avec assurance et justesse à la couleur et pour beaucoup, la commandent. L'observateur le plus attentif, le plus passionné, se révèle parfois incapable de distinguer le Chagall « de Paris » du Chagall « de Vitebsk ».

L'artiste n'est pas contradictoire ni « dédoublé », mais il demeurait constamment ouverts, regardant en lui et autour de lui, considérant le

monde environnant, les idées de son époque, les souvenirs du passé. Chagall est doué d'une sorte « d'immunité stylistique », il

s'enrichit sans rien détruire de sa propre structure. Il s'enthousiasme, apprend en toute ingénuité, se défait de la maladresse juvénile, mais sans perdre son « authenticité ». Parfois, c'est comme s'il regardait le monde à travers le prisme magique de l'école de Paris.

Alors il engage un jeu tout en finesse et en sérieux avec les découvertes du tournant du siècle, alors l'adolescent se considère, ironique et songeur, dans un miroir où s'unissent tout naturellement les acquis picturaux de Cézanne, la spiritualisation fragile de Modigliani, les rythmes complexes des plans qui rappellent les expériences des premiers cubistes (Autoportrait devant le chevalet, 1914).

Cependant, au-delà des analyses qui, aujourd'hui, éclairent les sources judéo-russes du peintre, les filiations formelles héritées ou

empruntées, mais toujours sublimées, une part de mystère demeure dans l'art de Chagall. Ce mystère tient peut-être à la nature même de

cet art qui puise dans le souvenir.

Chagall

Deriving from the French word rocaille, in reference to the curved forms of shellfish, and the Italian barocco, the French created the term 'Rococo'. Appearing at the beginning of the 18th century, it rapidly spread to the whole of Europe. Extravagant and light, Rococo responded perfectly to the spontaneity of the aristocracy of the time. In many aspects, this art was linked to its predecessor, Baroque, and it is thus also referred to as late Baroque style. While artists such as Tiepolo, Boucher and Reynolds carried the style to its apogee, the movement was often condemned for its superficiality. In the second half of the 18th century, Rococo began its decline. At the end of the century, facing the advent of Neoclassicism, it was plunged into obscurity. It had to wait nearly a century before art historians could restore it to the radiance of its golden age, which is rediscovered in this work by Klaus H. Carl and Victoria Charles.

Rococo

Die Renaissance begann gegen Ende des 14. Jahrhunderts in Italien und breitete sich bis zur zweiten Hälfte des 16. Jahrhunderts über ganz Europa aus. Die Wiederentdeckung der Pracht des griechischen und römischen Altertums markierte den Beginn der Wiedergeburt der Künste nach dem Zusammenbruch der dogmatischen Gewissheiten des Mittelalters. Eine ganze Reihe von Künstlern entwickelte in Malerei, Bildhauerei und Architektur Innovationen. Mit der Darstellung von Idealen und der Wirklichkeit, des Heiligen und des Profanen, etablierte die Bewegung einen Rahmen, der die europäische Kunst und Kultur der folgenden vier Jahrhunderte prägte.

Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Botticelli, Fra Angelico, Giorgione, Mantegna, Raffael, Dürer und Bruegel sind Künstler, die einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Kunst der Renaissance leisteten.

Die Kunst der Renaissance

Picasso was born a Spaniard and, so they say, began to draw before he could speak. As an infant he was instinctively attracted to artist's tools. In early childhood he could spend hours in happy concentration drawing spirals with a sense and meaning known only to himself. At other times, shunning children's games, he traced his first pictures in the sand. This early self-expression held out promise of a rare gift. Málaga must be mentioned, for it was there, on 25 October 1881, that Pablo Ruiz Picasso was born and it was there that he spent the first ten years of his life. Picasso's father was a painter and professor at the School of Fine Arts and Crafts. Picasso learnt from him the basics of formal academic art training. Then he studied at the Academy of Arts in Madrid but never finished his degree. Picasso, who was not yet eighteen, had reached the point of his greatest rebelliousness; he repudiated academia's anemic aesthetics along with realism's pedestrian prose and, quite naturally, joined those who called themselves modernists, the non-conformist artists and writers, those whom Sabartés called "the élite of Catalan thought" and who were grouped around the artists' café Els Quatre Gats. During 1899 and 1900 the only subjects Picasso deemed worthy of painting were those which reflected the "final truth"; the transience of human life and the inevitability of death. His early works, ranged under the name of "Blue Period" (1901-1904), consist in blue-tinted paintings influenced by a trip through Spain and the death of his friend, Casagemas. Even though Picasso himself repeatedly insisted on the inner, subjective nature of the Blue Period, its genesis and, especially, the monochromatic blue were for many years explained as merely the results of various aesthetic influences. Between 1905 and 1907, Picasso entered a new phase, called "Rose Period" characterised by a more cheerful style with orange and pink colours. In Gosol, in the summer of 1906 the nude female form assumed an extraordinary importance for Picasso; he equated a depersonalised, aboriginal, simple nakedness with the concept of "woman". The importance that female nudes were to assume as subjects for Picasso in the next few months (in the winter and spring of 1907) came when he developed the composition of the large painting, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Just as African art is usually considered the factor leading to the development of Picasso's classic aesthetics in 1907, the lessons of Cézanne are perceived as the cornerstone of this new progression. This relates, first of all, to a spatial conception of the canvas as a composed entity, subjected to a certain constructive system. Georges Braque, with whom Picasso became friends in the autumn of 1908 and together with whom he led Cubism during the six years of its apogee, was amazed by the similarity of Picasso's pictorial experiments to his own. He explained that: "Cubism's main direction was the materialisation of space." After his Cubist period, in the 1920s, Picasso returned to a more figurative style and got closer to the surrealist movement. He represented distorted and monstrous bodies but in a very personal style. After the bombing of Guernica during 1937, Picasso made one of his most famous works which starkly symbolises the horrors of that war and, indeed, all wars. In the 1960s, his art changed again and Picasso began looking at the art of great masters and based his paintings on ones by Velázquez, Poussin, Goya, Manet, Courbet and Delacroix. Picasso's final works were a mixture of style, becoming more colourful, expressive and optimistic. Picasso died in 1973, in his villa in Mougins. The Russian Symbolist Georgy Chulkov wrote: "Picasso's death is tragic. Yet how blind and naïve are those who believe in imitating Picasso and learning from him. Learning what? For these forms have no corresponding emotions outside of Hell. But to be in Hell means to anticipate death. The Cubists are hardly privy to such unlimited knowledge".

Pablo Picasso

Architecte et designer barcelonais, Antoni Gaudí (1852-1926) occupe une large place dans l'histoire de l'art espagnol. L'usage de la couleur, l'emploi de différents matériaux et l'introduction du mouvement dans ses constructions furent une innovation dans le domaine de l'architecture. 

Il laissa dans ses carnets de nombreuses réflexions à propos de son art telles que : « La couleur dans l'architecture doit être intense, logique et fertile. » Appuyée par de nombreuses photographies et de nombreux détails architecturaux, l'étude que mène l'auteur, Jeremy Roe, permet une approche du contexte de l'art barcelonais et introduit une minutieuse étude critique des constructions, objets et écrits du plus célèbre architecte barcelonais.

Gaudí

From ancient Sumerian pottery to Tiffany stained glass, decorative art has been a fundamental part of the human experience for generations. While fine art is confined to galleries and museums, decorative art is the art of the every day, combining beauty with functionality in objects ranging from the prosaic to the fantastical. In this work, Albert Jacquemart celebrates the beauty and artistic potential behind even the most quotidian object. Readers will walk away from this text with a newfound appreciation for the subtle artistry of the manufactured world.

1000 Masterpieces of Decorative Art

The Renaissance began at the end of the 14th century in Italy and had extended across the whole of Europe by the second half of the 16th century. The rediscovery of the splendour of ancient Greece and Rome marked the beginning of the rebirth of the arts following the break-down of the dogmatic certitude of the Middle Ages. A number of artists began to innovate in the domains of painting, sculpture, and architecture. Depicting the ideal and the actual, the sacred and the profane, the period provided a frame of reference which influenced European art over the next four centuries.

Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Botticelli, Fra Angelico, Giorgione, Mantegna, Raphael, Dürer and Bruegel are among the artists who made considerable contributions to the art of the Renaissance.

Dalí

Résumé

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