Utopia

"Utopia" ist der Titel eines 1516 von Thomas Morus in lateinischer Sprache verfassten philosophischen Dialogs. Die Schilderung einer fernen "idealen" Gesellschaft gab den Anstoß zum Genre der Sozialutopie.

Die Erstveröffentlichung geschah auf Betreiben des berühmten Humanisten Erasmus von Rotterdam 1516 in Löwen, weitere Drucke folgten 1517 in Paris und 1518 in Basel. Die erste deutsche Übersetzung - unter dem Titel "Von der wunderbarlichen Innsul Utopia genannt, das andere Buch" - erschien 1524.

Rahmenhandlung sind die Erzählungen eines Seemannes, der eine Zeit lang bei den Utopiern gelebt haben will. Der Roman beschreibt eine auf rationalen Gleichheitsgrundsätzen, Arbeitsamkeit und dem Streben nach Bildung basierende Gesellschaft mit demokratischen Grundzügen. In der Republik ist aller Besitz gemeinschaftlich, Anwälte sind unbekannt, und unabwendbare Kriege werden bevorzugt mit ausländischen Söldnern geführt.

Das Buch war so prägend, dass man fortan jeden Roman, in dem eine erfundene, positive Gesellschaft dargestellt wird, als Utopie oder utopischen Roman bezeichnete. Bedeutende Utopien nach "Utopia" waren "A Modern Utopia" von H. G. Wells, "Ecotopia" von Ernest Callenbach und "Island" von Aldous Huxley.

Das Genre des utopischen Romans wird heute oft als Bereich der Science-Fiction aufgefasst.

"L'Utopìa" (il titolo originale in latino è "Libellus vere aureus, nec minus salutaris quam festivus de optimo rei publicae statu, deque nova insula Utopia"), è un romanzo di Tommaso Moro, pubblicato in latino aulico nel 1516, in cui è descritto il viaggio immaginario di Raffaele Itlodeo ("Raphael Hythlodaeus nell'originale") in una fittizia isola-regno, abitata da una società ideale.

"Utopia" esprime il sogno rinascimentale di una società pacifica dove sia la cultura a dominare e a regolare la vita degli uomini.

Ciò che inizialmente ispirò Tommaso Moro alla stesura di "Utopia" fu, probabilmente, la traduzione dal greco al latino di alcuni scritti di Luciano che egli operò congiuntamente con Erasmo da Rotterdam, in particolare di un dialogo in cui Menippo, un drammaturgo greco, scende negli Inferi e racconta il suo viaggio. Un'altra opera ispiratrice, cui Moro fece riferimento anche all'interno di "Utopia", fu sicuramente "La Repubblica" di Platone, in cui si parla esplicitamente di una città ideale. L'opera ricalca pure lo schema dell'opuscolo "Il volto della luna" dei "Moralia" di Plutarco.

Giunto alla quarta edizione nel 1519, venne poi tradotto in tedesco da Claudio Cantiuncula (1524), in fiorentino da Ortensio Lando (1548), in francese da Jean Le Blond (1550) e solo nel 1551 in inglese (da Ralph Robinson).

L'Utopia

Voici l'ouvrage de philosophie politique sans doute le plus célèbre de notre culture, dans l'édition d'un éminente spécialiste, Marie Delcourt, aujourd'hui décédée, et dont les travaux font date. Elle est la première à avoir considéré le texte de More comme devant être étudié pour lui-même, avec la conviction qu'il faut le connaître pour atteindre la pensée et l'art de son auteur. Pour More, l'île de "Nulle-Part" atteste un état de nature où les hommes ont réalisé ce que peut la raison seule. Que les Utopiens n'aient pas reçus la Révélation lui permet un raisonnement a fortiori : "S'ils en sont arrivés à ce point grâce à l'humaine sagesse, que ne devraient pas faire les peuples chrétiens ? "

L'Utopie, ou le traité de la meilleure forme de gouvernement.

Utopia (Libellus vere aureus, nec minus salutaris quam festivus, de optimo rei publicae statu deque nova insula Utopia) is a work of fiction and socio-political satire by Thomas More (1478-1535) published in 1516 in Latin. The book is a frame narrative primarily depicting a fictional island society and its religious, social and political customs. Many aspects of More's description of Utopia are reminiscent of life in monasteries.

Utopia was begun while More was an envoy in the Low Countries in May 1515. More started by writing the introduction and the description of the society which would become the second half of the work and on his return to England he wrote the "dialogue of counsel", completing the work in 1516. In the same year, it was printed in Leuven under Erasmus's editorship and after revisions by More it was printed in Basel in November 1518. It was not until 1551, sixteen years after More's execution, that it was first published in England as an English translation by Ralph Robinson. Gilbert Burnet's translation of 1684 is probably the most commonly cited version.

The work seems to have been popular, if misunderstood: the introduction of More's Epigrams of 1518 mentions a man who did not regard More as a good writer.

The eponymous title Utopia has since eclipsed More's original story and the term is now commonly used to describe an idyllic, imaginary society. Although he may not have directly founded the contemporary notion of what has since become known as Utopian and dystopian fiction, More certainly popularised the idea of imagined parallel realities, and some of the early works which owe a debt to Utopia must include The City of the Sun by Tommaso Campanella, Description of the Republic of Christianopolis by Johannes Valentinus Andreae, New Atlantis by Francis Bacon and Candide by Voltaire.

The politics of Utopia have been seen as influential to the ideas of Anabaptism and communism.[citation needed] While utopian socialism was used to describe the first concepts of socialism, later Marxist theorists tended to see the ideas as too simplistic and not grounded on realistic principles. The religious message in the work and its uncertain, possibly satiric, tone has also alienated some theorists from the work.

An applied example of More's Utopia can be seen in Vasco de Quiroga's implemented society in Michoacán, Mexico, which was directly inspired by More's work.

Utopia (Libellus vere aureus, nec minus salutaris quam festivus, de optimo rei publicae statu deque nova insula Utopia) is a satirical work of fiction and political philosophy by Thomas More (1478–1535) published in 1516 in Latin. The book is a frame narrative primarily depicting a fictional island society as described by the character Raphael Hythloday who lived there some years, who describes and its religious, social and political customs.

Utopia

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