Az e-knyv a Kossuth Kiadó által nyomtatásban megjelentetett nagysiker? Világhíres fest?k cím? sorozat azonos cím? ktetének szveganyagát tartalmazza, az illusztrációk nélkül. Claude Monet a francia impresszionista festészet szül?atyja volt, de kései m?vészetének tendenciája, mely a tárgy nélkülivé váló kép megteremtésére irányult, tbb vonatkozásban az absztrakt m?vészet felé mutat. Számos modern absztrakt fest? Monet m?vészetét el?futárának vallja. Életrajzi sszefoglalónkban ennek a páratlan alkotói életnek és m?vészi pályának a legfontosabb momentumait ismerhetjük meg.

Monet

For Claude Monet the designation `impressionist' always remained a source of pride. In spite of all the things critics have written about his work, Monet continued to be a true impressionist to the end of his very long life. He was so by deep conviction, and for his Impressionism he may have sacrificed many other opportunities that his enormous talent held out to him. Monet did not paint classical compositions with figures, and he did not become a portraitist, although his professional training included those skills. He chose a single genre for himself, landscape painting, and in that he achieved a degree of perfection none of his contemporaries managed to attain. Yet the little boy began by drawing caricatures. Boudin advised Monet to stop doing caricatures and to take up landscapes instead. The sea, the sky, animals, people, and trees are beautiful in the exact state in which nature created them - surrounded by air and light. Indeed, it was Boudin who passed on to Monet his conviction of the importance of working in the open air, which Monet would in turn transmit to his impressionist friends. Monet did not want to enrol at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts. He chose to attend a private school, L'Académie Suisse, established by an ex-model on the Quai d'Orfèvres near the Pont Saint-Michel. One could draw and paint from a live model there for a modest fee. This was where Monet met the future impressionist Camille Pissarro. Later in Gleyre's studio, Monet met Auguste Renoir Alfred Sisley, and Frédéric Bazille. Monet considered it very important that Boudin be introduced to his new friends. He also told his friends of another painter he had found in Normandy. This was the remarkable Dutchman Jongkind. His landscapes were saturated with colour, and their sincerity, at times even their naïveté, was combined with subtle observation of the Normandy shore's variable nature. At this time Monet's landscapes were not yet characterized by great richness of colour. Rather, they recalled the tonalities of paintings by the Barbizon artists, and Boudin's seascapes. He composed a range of colour based on yellow-brown or blue-grey. At the Third Impressionist Exhibition in 1877 Monet presented a series of paintings for the first time: seven views of the Saint-Lazare train station. He selected them from among twelve he had painted at the station. This motif in Monet's work is in line not only with Manet's Chemin de fer (The Railway) and with his own landscapes featuring trains and stations at Argenteuil, but also with a trend that surfaced after the railways first began to appear. In 1883, Monet had bought a house in the village of Giverny, near the little town of Vernon. At Giverny, series painting became one of his chief working procedures. Meadows became his permanent workplace. When a journalist, who had come from Vétheuil to interview Monet, asked him where his studio was, the painter answered, "My studio! I've never had a studio, and I can't see why one would lock oneself up in a room. To draw, yes - to paint, no". Then, broadly gesturing towards the Seine, the hills, and the silhouette of the little town, he declared, "There's my real studio."Monet began to go to London in the last decade of the nineteenth century. He began all his London paintings working directly from nature, but completed many of them afterwards, at Giverny. The series formed an indivisible whole, and the painter had to work on all his canvases at one time. A friend of Monet's, the writer Octave Mirbeau, wrote that he had accomplished a miracle. With the help of colours he had succeeded in recreating on the canvas something almost impossible to capture: he was reproducing sunlight, enriching it with an infinite number of reflections. Alone among the impressionists, Claude Monet took an almost scientific study of the possibilities of colour to its limits; it is unlikely that one could have gone any further in that direction.

Claude Monet

Whilst Impressionism marked the first steps toward modern painting by revolutionising an artistic medium stifled by academic conventions, Post-Impressionism, even more revolutionary, completely liberated colour and opened it to new, unknown horizons. Anchored in his epoch, relying on the new chromatic studies of Michel Eugène Chevreul, Georges Seurat transcribed the chemist's theory of colours into tiny points that created an entire image. With his heavy strokes, Van Gogh illustrated the midday sun, whilst Cézanne renounced perspective. Rich in its variety and in the singularity of its artists, Post-Impressionism was a passage taken by all the well-known figures of 20th century painting - it is here presented, for the great pleasure of the reader, by Nathalia Brodskaïa.

Post-Impressionism

Als Impressionist zu gelten war für Monet eine Auszeichnung. Er war es aus tiefer Überzeugung und blieb es bis an das Ende seines langen Lebens. Er begnügte sich mit einem einzigen Genre, dem der Landschaftsmalerei. Hier aber brachte er es zu einer Vollkommenheit, an die keiner seiner Zeitgenossen heranreichte. Im Sommer jenes Jahres kam es zu gemeinsamen Malübungen mit Boudin (1824 bis 1898) am Meeresstrand. "Mit der Zeit gingen mir die Augen auf und ich begann, die Natur zu verstehen; zugleich lernte ich, sie zu lieben" - so erinnert sich Monet später an diese gemeinsamen Exerzitien. Er besucht nicht die Ecole des Beaux-Arts, sondern zieht die von Monsieur Suisse, einem ehemaligen Modell Davids, gegründete freie "Académie Suisse" vor. Hier war es möglich, für einen geringen Beitrag lebende Modelle zu malen und zu zeichnen. Die Farbskala der Bilder, die Monet 1871 und 1872 malte, ist nicht sehr breit; sie erinnert an die der Barbizon-Schule und an die Seestücke Boudins. Die Grundtöne sind braungelb und blaugrau. Im Jahr 1877 wurde die dritte Ausstellung der Impressionisten eröffnet, bei der Monet zum ersten Mal eine Bilderserie zeigte. Mit seinem Motiv, dem Bahnhof Saint-Lazare, setzte Monet nicht nur Manets Die Eisenbahn und seine eigenen Landschaftsbilder aus Argenteuil fort, er schloss sich darüber hinaus der bei den Künstlern wachsenden Tendenz an, sich von diesem Transportmittel faszinieren zu lassen. In seinem Wohnort Giverny wurden die Bilderserien Monets wichtigste Arbeitsmethode. In den 1890er Jahren entdeckte Monet London. Zwar begann er die Bilder allesamt in London, beendete viele von ihnen aber in Giverny. Für den Schriftsteller Octave Mirbeau (1848 bis 1917) war Monet ein Mensch, der Wunder vollbrachte: Mit Hilfe der Farben habe er auf der Leinwand das Sonnenlicht, etwas nahezu Unfassbares, nachgebildet und es um eine Unzahl prismatischer Facetten bereichert. Tatsächlich hat Monet das Potenzial der Farbe mit nahezu wissenschaftlicher Strenge bis zu seinen äußersten Konsequenzen getrieben; kein anderer Impressionist ist darin so weit gegangen wie er, und es ist wenig wahrscheinlich, dass man in dieser Richtung hätte noch weitergehen können.

Até ao final do século XIX a Arte Naïve, criada por artistas inexperientes e caracterizada pela espontaneidade e simplicidade, foi pouco reconhecida quer pelos artistas profissionais quer pelos críticos de arte. A pintura Naïve caracterizava-se pela sua clareza de linhas, cores vívidas e alegres, assim como pelas suas formas simples e precisas como aquelas representadas pelos artistas franceses tais como Henri Rousseau, Séraphine de Senlis, André Bauchant e Camille Bombois. Contudo, este movimento teve também outros aderentes tais como Joan Miró (influenciado por algumas das suas qualidades), Guido Vedovato, Niko Pirosmani e Ivan Generalic.

Naïve Art

Para Monet, o acto de criar foi sempre um esforço doloroso. A sua obsessão em captar os efeitos luminosos na natureza foi muito mais intensa que a dos seus contemporâneos. Segundo as suas palavras: "o talento vai e vem... A arte é sempre a mesma coisa: a transposição da natureza que requer tanta vontade como sensibilidade. Eu luto contra o sol... Devo também pintar com ouro e pedras preciosas."

« Le père Pissarro », comme aimaient à l'appeler ses amis, était le plus sage des artistes impressionnistes. Peut être son âge, plus avancé que celui de ses camarades Monet, Sisley, Bazille et Renoir, ou plutot sa maturité, lui firent créer des ouvres sereines et sobres tant dans leur sujet que dans leur composition. 

Homme au goûts simples, il se plut à peindre des paysans sur les chemins, bien qu'il dut sa tardive notoriété à ses paysages urbains, traités avec la même passion que celle que faisaient jaillir en lui les ciels orageux et les matins blanchis par le givre.

Monet

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