Born at the dawn of the 20th century, Fauvism burst onto the artistic scene at the 1905 Salon d'Automne with great controversy by throwing bright, vibrant colours in the face of artistic convention. Fuelled by change, artists like Matisse, Derain, and Vlaminck searched for a new chromatic language by using colour out of its habitual context. Freed from the strict technique advocated by the École des Beaux-Arts, they used blocky colours as their main resource, saturating their stunning paintings. The author invites us to experience this vivid artistic evolution that, although encompassing a short amount of time, left its mark on the path to modernity.

The Fauves

Toulouse-Lautrec begann noch während seines Studiums das Pariser Nachtleben zu erkunden; es sollte ihm zur wichtigsten Quelle der Inspiration werden und schließlich auch zur Beeinträchtigung seiner Gesundheit führen. Das Paris der 1890er Jahre mit seinen schillernden Charakteren kann man nur durch die Augen Lautrecs wahrnehmen. Die erste bedeutende Persönlichkeit des Pariser Nachtlebens, der Lautrec begegnete, war der berühmte Cabaretsänger Aristide Bruant (1851 bis 1925), ein Mann, der Lautrec ganz wesentlich darin unterstützte, seine eigene künstlerische Vision zu entwickeln. In den 1890er Jahren inspirierten Lautrec zahlreiche Bühnenkünstler: die auf dem berühmten Plakat des Moulin Rouge zu sehenden Tänzerinnen La Goulue und Jane Avril oder Loïe Fuller, die Sängerinnen May Belfort, Yvette Guilbert und Marcelle Lender sowie die Schauspielerin Réjane. Lautrecs Aufrichtigkeit, mit der er viele Aspekte des Lebens abbildete, die die meisten seiner höher geachteten Zeitgenossen lieber unter den Teppich kehrten, erregte erwartungsgemäß Anstoß. Der deutsche Kunstkritiker Gensel schrieb: "Von Verehrung kann natürlich bei diesem Meister in der Darstellung alles Gemeinen und Perversen von vornherein nicht die Rede sein. Dass man Schweinereien - es gibt keinen milderen Ausdruck dafür - wie Elles öffentlich ausstellen darf, ohne einen Schrei der Entrüstung zu hören, erklärt sich nur daraus, dass ein Teil des großen Publikums den Sinn dieses Zyklus gar nicht versteht und ein anderer sich schämt, sein Verständnis einzugestehen!"

Toulouse-Lautrec

Whilst Impressionism marked the first steps toward modern painting by revolutionising an artistic medium stifled by academic conventions, Post-Impressionism, even more revolutionary, completely liberated colour and opened it to new, unknown horizons. Anchored in his epoch, relying on the new chromatic studies of Michel Eugène Chevreul, Georges Seurat transcribed the chemist's theory of colours into tiny points that created an entire image. With his heavy strokes, Van Gogh illustrated the midday sun, whilst Cézanne renounced perspective. Rich in its variety and in the singularity of its artists, Post-Impressionism was a passage taken by all the well-known figures of 20th century painting - it is here presented, for the great pleasure of the reader, by Nathalia Brodskaïa.

Post-Impressionism

Camille Pissarro (1830-1903) francia impresszionista és divizionista fest?. Sajátos stílusát az 1880-1890-es évekhez közeledve találta meg, az impresszionizmus és a pointillizmus tanulságai mentén érkezett el az ? nagyon gazdag koloritjához, amely határozott rajztudással párosult. A festészeti m?fajt tekintve els?sorban tájképfest? volt, de festett sikeres portrékat, aktokat, csendéleteket is. Szinte fáradhatatlanul rajzolt, s készített rézkarcokat, rézmetszeteket és litográfiákat. A párizsiak elé tárta saját f?városuk jellegzetes részleteit, és a francia vidéket a korabeli jellemz? vonásokkal, azt a Párizst, s azt a párizsi régiót örökítette meg, amelynek képét sokáig ?rizte, s talán ?rzi még ma is a francia nép és a világ a 19. és 20. század fordulójának civilizált nagyhatalmi központjáról.

Pissaro

Impressionism has always been one of the public's favourite styles of art and Impressionist works continue to enchant beholders with their amazing play of colours and forms. This book offers a well-chosen selection of the most impressive works of artists such as Degas, Monet, Pissarro, Renoir and Sisley. Mega Square Impressionism pays tribute to the subject's popularity.

Impressionism 120 illustrations

Cézannes glücklichste Zeit war seine frühe Jugend in der Provence, wo er zusammen mit Zola und einem anderen Freund in der Natur umherstreifte. Ermutigt durch Renoir, stellte er 1874 und 1877 zusammen mit den Impressionisten aus. Doch die ablehnende Haltung, mit der man seiner Kunst begegnete, verletzte ihn tief. Er malte gern Früchte, weil sie gehorsame Modelle waren, was seiner langsamen Arbeitsweise entgegenkam, dabei behielt er die dominante Farbe und den Charakter der Frucht bei, verstärkte aber den emotionalen Reiz der Form durch ein Spiel von reichen, fein aufeinander abgestimmten Farbwerten. Seine eigentliche Meisterschaft entfaltete er in den Stillleben. Cézanne verstand es, seine Malkunst mit Wissen zu bereichern, dem Wissen um die Dinge - dieser unabdingbaren Voraussetzung für alles schöpferische Bemühen. Kurz nach dem Tod seines Vaters zog er sich für immer auf sein Gut in der Provence zurück und war vermutlich dort der einsamste Maler seiner Zeit. Von Zeit zu Zeit überfiel ihn eine seltsame Melancholie, ja sogar eine düstere Hoffnungslosigkeit. Er konnte unberechenbar und schwierig sein, seine Leinwände zerstören oder sie zum Fenster seines Studios hinauswerfen, sie ganz einfach auf einer Wiese stehen lassen oder sie seinem Sohn geben, der sie zerschnitt und wie ein Puzzle wieder zusammensetzte. Zu Beginn des neuen Jahrhunderts holten die Bauern aus ihren Scheunen eine größere Menge von Stillleben und Landschaften, als sie hörten, dass ein Narr aus Paris dafür mit gutem Geld zahlte. Doch leider kam die Anerkennung zu spät. Er starb 1906 an einem Fieber, das er sich zugezogen hatte, als er beim Malen vom Regen überrascht wurde.

Cézanne

Degas was closest to Renoir in the impressionist's circle, for both favoured the animated Parisian life of their day as a motif in their paintings. Degas did not attend Gleyre's studio; most likely he first met the future impressionists at the Café Guerbois. He started his apprenticeship in 1853 at the studio of Louis-Ernest Barrias and, beginning in 1854, studied under Louis Lamothe, who revered Ingres above all others, and transmitted his adoration for this master to Edgar Degas. Starting in 1854 Degas travelled frequently to Italy: first to Naples, where he made the acquaintance of his numerous cousins, and then to Rome and Florence, where he copied tirelessly from the Old Masters. His drawings and sketches already revealed very clear preferences: Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Mantegna, but also Benozzo Gozzoli, Ghirlandaio, Titian, Fra Angelico, Uccello, and Botticelli. During the 1860s and 1870s he became a painter of racecourses, horses and jockeys. His fabulous painter's memory retained the particularities of movement of horses wherever he saw them. After his first rather complex compositions depicting racecourses, Degas learned the art of translating the nobility and elegance of horses, their nervous movements, and the formal beauty of their musculature. Around the middle of the 1860s Degas made yet another discovery. In 1866 he painted his first composition with ballet as a subject, Mademoiselle Fiocre dans le ballet de la Source (Mademoiselle Fiocre in the Ballet 'The Spring') (New York, Brooklyn Museum). Degas had always been a devotee of the theatre, but from now on it would become more and more the focus of his art. Degas' first painting devoted solely to the ballet was Le Foyer de la danse à l'Opéra de la rue Le Peletier (The Dancing Anteroom at the Opera on Rue Le Peletier) (Paris, Musée d'Orsay). In a carefully constructed composition, with groups of figures balancing one another to the left and the right, each ballet dancer is involved in her own activity, each one is moving in a separate manner from the others. Extended observation and an immense number of sketches were essential to executing such a task. This is why Degas moved from the theatre on to the rehearsal halls, where the dancers practised and took their lessons. This was how Degas arrived at the second sphere of that immediate, everyday life that was to interest him. The ballet would remain his passion until the end of his days.

Degas

Edouard Manet 

(Paris, 1832 - 1883)

Manet est l'un des plus célèbres artistes de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, lié aux impressionnistes sans faire vraiment partie de leur groupe. Chérissant son indépendance, il eut une grande influence sur la peinture française, en partie due au choix de ses sujets tirés de la vie quotidienne, de son usage de couleurs pures et de sa technique rapide et libre. C'est son ouvre qui assura la transition entre le réalisme de Courbet et la vision novatrice des impressionnistes.

Issu de la grande bourgeoisie, il choisit de devenir peintre après avoir raté son entrée à l'Ecole navale. Il se forma auprès de Thomas Couture, un peintre académique, mais c'est grâce à ses nombreux voyages à travers l'Europe qu'il entreprit dès 1852, qu'il commença à se faire une idée de ce qu'allait être son style propre.

Ses premières peintures étaient essentiellement des scènes de genre, inspirées par son amour pour les maîtres espagnols comme Velazquez et Goya, et le portrait. C'est en 1863 qu'il présenta son chef-d'ouvre Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe au Salon des refusés. Son ouvre déclenchant une polémique entre les défenseurs de l'art académique et les jeunes artistes « refusés », il devint le chef de file de cette nouvelle génération d'artistes.

A partir de 1864, le salon officiel accepta ses travaux, provoquant toujours de véhémentes protestations comme ce fut le cas avec Olympia en 1865. En 1866, l'écrivain Zola écrivit un article en faveur du travail de Manet. A cette époque, le peintre était ami avec tous les futurs grands maîtres impressionnistes : Edgar Degas, Claude Monet, Auguste Renoir, Alfred Sisley, Camille Pissarro et Paul Cézanne, qui s'influençaient les uns les autres ; pourtant il restait délibérément à l'extérieur du groupe. En effet, en 1874 il refusa de présenter ses peintures lors de leur première exposition. Sa dernière apparition dans un salon officiel fut en 1882 avec Un Bar aux Folies-Bergère, l'une de ses ouvres les plus connues. Atteint par la gangrène au cours de l'année 1883, il peignit des natures mortes de fleurs jusqu'au moment où il ne s'en sentit plus capable, et il mourut en laissant derrière lui un grand nombre de dessins et de peintures.

Manet

For Claude Monet the designation 'impressionist' always remained a source of pride. In spite of all the things critics have written about his work, Monet continued to be a true impressionist to the end of his very long life. He was so by deep conviction, and for his Impressionism he may have sacrificed many other opportunities that his enormous talent held out to him. Monet did not paint classical compositions with figures, and he did not become a portraitist, although his professional training included those skills. He chose a single genre for himself, landscape painting, and in that he achieved a degree of perfection none of his contemporaries managed to attain. Yet the little boy began by drawing caricatures. Boudin advised Monet to stop doing caricatures and to take up landscapes instead. The sea, the sky, animals, people, and trees are beautiful in the exact state in which nature created them - surrounded by air and light. Indeed, it was Boudin who passed on to Monet his conviction of the importance of working in the open air, which Monet would in turn transmit to his impressionist friends. Monet did not want to enrol at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts. He chose to attend a private school, L'Académie Suisse, established by an ex-model on the Quai d'Orfèvres near the Pont Saint-Michel. One could draw and paint from a live model there for a modest fee. This was where Monet met the future impressionist Camille Pissarro. Later in Gleyre's studio, Monet met Auguste Renoir Alfred Sisley, and Frédéric Bazille. Monet considered it very important that Boudin be introduced to his new friends. He also told his friends of another painter he had found in Normandy. This was the remarkable Dutchman Jongkind. His landscapes were saturated with colour, and their sincerity, at times even their naïveté, was combined with subtle observation of the Normandy shore's variable nature. At this time Monet's landscapes were not yet characterized by great richness of colour. Rather, they recalled the tonalities of paintings by the Barbizon artists, and Boudin's seascapes. He composed a range of colour based on yellow-brown or blue-grey. At the Third Impressionist Exhibition in 1877 Monet presented a series of paintings for the first time: seven views of the Saint-Lazare train station. He selected them from among twelve he had painted at the station. This motif in Monet's work is in line not only with Manet's Chemin de fer (The Railway) and with his own landscapes featuring trains and stations at Argenteuil, but also with a trend that surfaced after the railways first began to appear. In 1883, Monet had bought a house in the village of Giverny, near the little town of Vernon. At Giverny, series painting became one of his chief working procedures. Meadows became his permanent workplace. When a journalist, who had come from Vétheuil to interview Monet, asked him where his studio was, the painter answered, "My studio! I've never had a studio, and I can't see why one would lock oneself up in a room. To draw, yes - to paint, no". Then, broadly gesturing towards the Seine, the hills, and the silhouette of the little town, he declared, "There's my real studio."Monet began to go to London in the last decade of the nineteenth century. He began all his London paintings working directly from nature, but completed many of them afterwards, at Giverny. The series formed an indivisible whole, and the painter had to work on all his canvases at one time. A friend of Monet's, the writer Octave Mirbeau, wrote that he had accomplished a miracle. With the help of colours he had succeeded in recreating on the canvas something almost impossible to capture: he was reproducing sunlight, enriching it with an infinite number of reflections. Alone among the impressionists, Claude Monet took an almost scientific study of the possibilities of colour to its limits; it is unlikely that one could have gone any further in that direction.

The Fauves

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