Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec

Az e-könyv a Kossuth Kiadó által nyomtatásban megjelentetett nagysiker? Világhíres fest?k cím? sorozat azonos cím? kötetének szöveganyagát tartalmazza, az illusztrációk nélkül. "Hogy mely témák foglalkoztatnak a festészetben? Az önarcképkészítés semmiképpen. A többi ember, és közöttük is f?leg a n?k..." - vallotta Gustav Klimt, akinek képei egészen sajátos, varázslatos hangulatot teremtenek. E mélységesen érzéki, erotikus festmények az élvezetek és a fény?zés világába ragadják el szemlél?jüket, távol a posztmodern világ ridegségét?l, egy vonzó, idealizált képzeletbeli tájra. A környezetre szinte semmilyen jel nem utal, hogy akár csak egy pillanatra is kizökkentsen bennünket a fest? által teremtett arc- és tájképek, allegóriák hermetikusan zárt világából. A keleti civilizációk ihlette színek és formák - Klimt a japán, az ókori egyiptomi és a bizánckori Ravenna m?vészetének rajongója volt - egy kétdimenziós térbe ágyazódnak, amely mögött nincsenek perspektivikus távlatok. E stilizált, zárt és megbonthatatlan egységet létrehozó képi világ központjában valóban a n?i test csodája áll a maga érzékiségében és szentségében.

Klimt

Gustav Klimt (1862-1918) war zum Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts nicht nur einer der einflussreichsten Künstler, sondern gründete zudem die Bewegung der Wiener Secession. Mithilfe dieser Bewegung übte er Kritik an der traditionellen Kunst, die sich durch ihren Widerstand gegen Veränderungen sowie Intoleranz gegenüber bestimmten modernen Vorstellungen auszeichnete. Klimt ließ sich durch den langsamen aber sicheren Niedergang sowie die Vielfalt der Kulturen der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie inspirieren. Bei Klimt spielten Erotik und Sinnlichkeit eine sehr große Rolle, und neben Schiele und Kokoschka zählte er zu den großen Meistern des Expressionismus. Das vorliegende Buch vereint eine erlesene Auswahl Klimts bekanntester Gemälde und einen Text, der den außergewhnlichen Eklektizismus dieses großen Künstlers zu vermitteln vermag.

Gustav Klimt und Kunstwerke

Alfons Mucha ist der ungekrönte König der Jugendstil-Illustration. Für viele Menschen sind Muchas überirdisch schöne, von floralen Ornamentgeflechten umgegebene Frauen, die erste Assoziation mit der beliebten Kunstrichtung der Wende zum 20. Jahrhundert. Muchas Kunst, die sich über die Jahrzehnte immer wieder neuer Beliebtheit erfreuen durfte, ist vor allem seit den 1960er Jahren nicht mehr aus dem Sortiment von Plakat- und Reproduktionsanbietern wegzudenken. Das vorliegende Werk bemüht sich nicht nur darum, einen umfassenden Überblick über Muchas Schaffen zu geben, sondern auch, dem Mann hinter der Kunst gerecht zu werden: seinem Leben, seiner Entwicklung als Künstler und seinem leidenschaftlichen Patriotismus für sein Vaterland, der damaligen Tschechoslowakei.

Alfons Mucha und Kunstwerke

Burne-Jones' oeuvre can be understood as an attempt to create in paint a world of perfect beauty, as far removed from the Birmingham of his youth as possible. At that time Birmingham was a byword for the dire effects of unregulated capitalism - a booming, industrial conglomeration of unimaginable ugliness and squalor.

The two great French symbolist painters, Gustave Moreau and Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, immediately recognised Burne-Jones as an artistic fellow traveller. But, it is very unlikely that Burne-Jones would have accepted or even, perhaps, have understood the label of 'symbolist'. Yet he seems to have been one of the most representative figures of the symbolist movement and of that pervasive mood termed "fin-de-siecle".

Burne-Jones is usually labelled as a Pre-Raphaelite. In fact he was never a member of the Brotherhood formed in 1848. Burne-Jones' brand of Pre-Raphaelitism derives not from Hunt and Millais but from Dante Gabriel Rossetti.

Burne-Jones' work in the late 1850s is, moreover, closely based on Rossetti's style. His feminine ideal is also taken from that of Rossetti, with abundant hair, prominent chins, columnar necks and androgynous bodies hidden by copious medieval gowns. The prominent chins remain a striking feature of both artists' depictions of women. From the 1860s their ideal types diverge. As Rossetti's women balloon into ever more fleshy opulence, Burne-Jones' women become more virginal and ethereal to the point where, in some of the last pictures, the women look anorexic.

In the early 1870s Burne-Jones painted several mythical or legendary pictures in which he seems to have been trying to exorcise the traumas of his celebrated affair with Mary Zambaco.

No living British painter between Constable and Bacon enjoyed the kind of international acclaim that Burne-Jones was accorded in the early 1890s. This great reputation began to slip in the latter half of the decade, however, and it plummeted after 1900 with the triumph of Modernism.

With hindsight we can see this flatness and the turning away from narrative as characteristic of early Modernism and the first hesitant steps towards Abstraction. It is not as odd at it seems that Kandinsky cited Rossetti and Burne-Jones as forerunners of Abstraction in his book, "Concerning the Spiritual in Art".

Burne-Jones

Ornans, Courbet's birthplace, is near the beautiful valley of the Doubs River, and it was here as a boy, and later as a man, that he absorbed the love of landscape.

He was by nature a revolutionary, a man born to oppose existing order and to assert his independence; he had that quality of bluster and brutality which makes the revolutionary count in art as well as in politics. In both directions his spirit of revolt manifested itself. He went to Paris to study art, yet he did not attach himself to the studio of any of the prominent masters. Already in his country home he had had a little instruction in painting, and preferred to study the masterpieces of the Louvre. At first his pictures were not sufficiently distinctive to arouse any opposition, and were admitted to the Salon. Then followed the Funeral at Ornans, which the critics violently assailed: "A masquerade funeral, six metres long, in which there is more to laugh at than to weep over." Indeed, the real offence of Courbet's pictures was that they represented live flesh and blood. They depicted men and women as they really are and realistically doing the business in which they are engaged. His figures were not men and women deprived of personality and idealised into a type, posed in positions that will decorate the canvas. He advocated painting things as they are, and proclaimed that la vérité vraie must be the aim of the artist. So at the Universal Exposition of 1855 he withdrew his pictures from the exhibition grounds and set them in a wooden booth, just outside the entrance. Over the booth he posted a sign with large lettering. It read, simply: "Courbet - Realist." Like every revolutionary, he was an extremist. He ignored the fact that to every artist the truth of nature appears under a different guise according to his way of seeing and experiencing. Instead, he adhered to the notion that art is only a copying of nature and not a matter also of selection and arrangement. In his contempt for prettiness Courbet often chose subjects which may fairly be called ugly. But that he also had a sense of beauty may be seen in his landscapes. That sense, mingled with his capacity for deep emotion, appears in his marines - these last being his most impressive work. Moreover, in all his works, whether attractive or not to the observer, he proved himself a powerful painter, painting in a broad, free manner, with a fine feeling for colour, and with a firmness of pigment that made all his representations very real and stirring.

Gustave Courbet and artworks

Alfons Mucha

I am not interested in myself as a subject for painting, but in others, particularly womenBeautiful, sensuous and above all erotic, Gustav Klimt's paintings speak of a world of opulence and leisure, which seems aeons away from the harsh, post-modern environment we live in now. The subjects he treats allegories, portraits, landscapes and erotic figures  contain virtually no reference to external events, but strive rather to create a world where beauty, above everything else, is dominant. His use of colour and pattern was profoundly influenced by the art of Japan, ancient Egypt, and Byzantium. Ravenne, the flat, two-dimensional perspective of his paintings, and the frequently stylised quality of his images form an oeuvre imbued with a profound sensuality and one where the figure of woman, above all, reigns supreme. Klimt's very first works brought him success at an unusually young age. Gustav, born in 1862, obtained a state grant to study at Kunstgewerbeschule (the Vienna School of Arts and Crafts) at the age of fourteen. His talents as a draughtsman and painter were quickly noticed, and in 1879 he formed the Künstlercompagnie (Artists' Company) with his brother Ernst and another student, Franz Matsch. The latter part of the nineteenth century was a period of great architectural activity in Vienna. In 1857, the Emperor Franz Joseph had ordered the destruction of the fortifications that had surrounded the medieval city centre. The Ringstrasse was the result, a budding new district with magnificent buildings and beautiful parks, all paid for by public expenses. Therefore the young Klimt and his partners had ample opportunities to show off their talents, and they received early commissions to contribute to the decorations for the pageant organised to celebrate the silver wedding anniversary of the Emperor Franz Joseph and the Empress Elisabeth. In 1894, Matsch moved out of their communal studio, and in 1897 Klimt, together with his closest friends, resigned from the Künstlerhausgenossenschaft (the Cooperative Society of Austrian Artists) to form a new movement known as the Secession, of which he was immediately elected president. The Secession was a great success, holding both a first and second exhibition in 1898. The movement made enough money to commission its very own building, designed for it by the architect Joseph Maria Olbrich. Above the entrance was its motto: To each age its art, to art its freedom. From around 1897 onward, Klimt spent almost every summer on the Attersee with the Flge family. These were periods of peace and tranquillity in which he produced the landscape paintings constituting almost a quarter of his entire oeuvre. Klimt made sketches for virtually everything he did. Sometimes there were over a hundred drawings for one painting, each showing a different detail  a piece of clothing or jewellery, or a simple gesture. Just how exceptional Gustav Klimt was is perhaps reflected in the fact that he had no predecessors and no real followers. He admired Rodin and Whistler without slavishly copying them, and was admired in turn by the younger Viennese painters Egon Schiele and Oskar Kokoschka, both of whom were greatly influenced by Klimt.

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec

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