Per Claude Monet la creazione artistica è sempre stata una lotta sofferta. Attribuiva maggiore
importanza di quanto non facessero i suoi contemporanei a un aspetto essenziale dell'Impressionismo: comunicare all'osservatore le emozioni prodotte dalla luce. Per usare le parole di Monet: «Le tecniche vanno e vengono [...] L'arte rimane la stessa: una rappresentazione della natura che richiede impegno e sensibilità. Io mi misuro e combatto con il sole [...]. Bisognerebbe dipingere con oro e pietre preziose».

Claude Monet

Alfred Sisley (18391899) angol nemzetiség?, de Franciaországban él? és alkotó fest?m?vész, sokak szerint a legtisztább impresszionista. Összesen mintegy 900 olajfestményt alkotott. Tájképein, ahol embereket alig ábrázol, els?sorban a fények játéka dominál. Felt?n? a hó iránti lelkesedése. Egy barátjának küldtt levelében írta: Minden festmény olyan helyet ábrázol, amelybe a fest? beleszeretett.

Sisley

Impressionism has always been one of the public's favourite styles of art and Impressionist works continue to enchant beholders with their amazing play of colours and forms. This book offers a well-chosen selection of the most impressive works of artists such as Degas, Monet, Pissarro, Renoir and Sisley. Mega Square Impressionism pays tribute to the subject's popularity.

Impressionism 120 illustrations

Paul Cézanne, um contemporâneo dos Impressionistas, a cuja influência se submeteu no início da sua carreira, rapidamente se encaminhou para uma procura mais pessoal o que o tornou o "pai da pintura moderna". Destaca-se a sua grande influência sobre Braque e Picasso. Pouco reconhecido em vida, ridicularizado pelos críticos, Cézanne estabeleceu contudo uma nova visão da natureza baseada no estudo das cores e do espaço o qual criava com pinceladas largas e fluidas. 

Estas telas permitem-nos apreciar a evolução estilista de Cézanne, assim como a diversidade dos seus temas: paisagens (As margens do Marne, O Monte Saint-victoire), cenas da vida (Rapariga ao piano 'Ouverture para Tannhäuser'), naturezas mortas (Frutas), retratos (o Fumador) e auto-retratos.

Cézanne

Lautrec studied with two of the most admired academic painters of the day, Léon Bonnat and Fernand Cormon. Lautrec's time in the studios of Bonnat and Cormon had the advantage of introducing him to the nude as a subject. At that time life-drawing of the nude was the basis of all academic art training in nineteenth-century Paris. While still a student, Lautrec began to explore Parisian nightlife, which was to provide him with his greatest inspiration, and eventually undermined his health. Lautrec was an artist able to stamp his vision of the age in which he lived upon the imagination of future generations. Just as we see the English court of Charles I through the eyes of van Dyck and the Paris of Louis-Philippe through the eyes of Daumier, so we see the Paris of the 1890s and its most colourful personalities, through the eyes of Lautrec. The first great personality of Parisian nightlife whom Lautrec encountered - and a man who was to play an important role in helping Lautrec develop his artistic vision - was the cabaret singer Aristide Bruant. Bruant stood out as an heroic figure in what was the golden age of Parisian cabaret. Among the many other performers inspiring Lautrec in the 1890s were the dancers La Goulue and Valentin-le-Desossé (who both appear in the famous Moulin Rouge poster), and Jane Avril and Loïe Fuller, the singers Yvette Guilbert, May Belfort and Marcelle Lender, and the actress Réjane. Lautrec was, along with Degas, one of the great poets of the brothel. Degas explored the theme in the late 1870s in a series of monotype prints that are among his most remarkable and personal works. He depicts the somewhat ungainly posturing of the prostitutes and their clients with human warmth and a satirical humour that brings these prints closer to the art of Lautrec than anything else by Degas.

However, the truthfulness with which Lautrec portrayed those aspects of life that most of his more respectable contemporaries preferred to sweep under the carpet naturally caused offence. The German critic Gensel probably spoke for many when he wrote: "There can of course be no talk of admiration for someone who is the master of the representation of all that is base and perverse. The only explanation as to how such filth - there can be no milder term for it - as Elles can be publicly exhibited without an outcry of indignations being heard is that one half of the general public does not understand the meaning of this cycle at all, and the other is ashamed of admitting that it does understand it."

Toulouse-Lautrec

Alfred Sisley (Paris, 1839 - Moret-Sur-Loing, 1899)

Alfred Sisley naquit à Paris le 30 octobre 1839 dans une famille anglaise. Ayant atteint ses dix-huit ans, ses parents l'envoyèrent en Angleterre. C'est alors, probablement, qu'il pressentit, devant la facture libre des paysages, à l'apparence d'esquisses, de Turner et Constable, sa vocation pour la peinture. Le destin amena Sisley, en octobre 1862, dans le même atelier libre de Charles Gleyre, où étaient venus étudier Claude Monet, Auguste Renoir et Frédéric Bazille. C'est Sisley qui avait incité ses amis à en finir avec l'apprentissage chez Gleyre et à partir peindre dans la nature. Il était indigné, beaucoup plus que ses amis, par l'attitude hautaine de Gleyre envers le paysage. Pour Sisley, le paysage fut, dès le début, non seulement un genre pictural essentiel, mais, en fait, le seul et unique auquel il travaillât toute sa vie. Après avoir quitté Gleyre, Sisley peignit souvent en compagnie de Monet, Renoir et Bazille dans les environs de Paris.

À partir de 1870, dans la peinture de Sisley commencèrent à apparaître les premières caractéristiques de la manière qui sera plus tard celle de la peinture impressionniste. À partir de ce moment, le coloris des tableaux de Sisley devient nettement plus clair. Cette nouvelle technique crée une impression de vibration de l'eau, de moirures colorées à sa surface et de transparence de l'atmosphère. Dans la peinture de Sisley, la lumière était née. Sisley peignit une quantité de paysages des bords de la Seine. Il découvrit Argenteuil et la petite ville de Villeneuve-la-Garenne, qui resta dans son oeuvre comme l'image du silence et de la tranquillité, d'un monde que la civilisation et l'industrie n'avaient pas encore défiguré.

Contrairement à Pissarro, il ne recherchait pas l'exactitude prosaïque. Ses paysages se colorent toujours de son attitude émotionnelle à leur égard. Comme chez Monet, les ponts chez Sisley se fondent dans le paysage d'une façon toute naturelle. Un ciel bleu serein se reflète sur la surface à peine frémissante du fleuve. Après la première exposition impressionniste, Sisley passa plusieurs mois en Angleterre. À son retour d'Angleterre, Sisley déménagea de Louveciennes à Marly-le-Roi. Vers cette époque, Sisley était véritablement devenu le peintre de l'eau. Elle l'ensorcelait, l'obligeait à scruter sa surface changeante et à étudier les nuances de sa couleur, comme le faisait Monet dans les prés de Giverny. Les paysages consacrés à l'inondation de Port-Marly sont une apothéose. Le peintre joue avec l'espace et la perspective, et finalement trouve la seule solution : la maison rose est figée dans un monde où le ciel se confond avec la terre, où le reflet frissonne à peine et les nuages glissent lentement. Sisley est le seul impressionniste dont les paysages ne se limitent pas à la beauté changeante de la nature, mais se prolongent dans le domaine tantôt du rêve, tantôt de la réflexion philosophique.

Der Symbolismus ist eine Erscheinung des Fin-de-Siècle, der seinen Anfang in den 1880er Jahren in Frankreich nahm und zu Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts auch im übrigen Europa Fuß fasste. Die von der antiken Mythologie faszinierten Symbolisten versuchten, sich der von der Wissenschaft etablierten Herrschaft der Rationalität zu entziehen. Sie wollten die sichtbare Welt und die Vernunft überwinden, um zur Welt des reinen Denkens und der Ästhetik, ja sogar zum Unterbewusstsein, vorzudringen.

Die Franzosen Gustave Moreau, Odilon Redon, die Belgier Fernand Khnopff und Félicien Rops, die Engländer Edward Burne-Jones und Dante Gabriel Rossetti sowie der Holländer Jan Toorop sind die herausragenden Repräsentanten dieser Kunstrichtung.

Symbolismus

Since his death 100 years ago, Cézanne has become the most famous painter of the nineteenth century. He was born in Aix-en-Provence in 1839 and the happiest period of his life was his early youth in Provence, in company with Emile Zolá, another Italian. Following Zolá's example, Cézanne went to Paris in his twenty-first year. 

 During the Franco-Prussian war he deserted the military, dividing his time between open-air painting and the studio. He said to Vollard, an art dealer, "I'm only a painter. Parisian wit gives me a pain. Painting nudes on the banks of the Arc [a river near Aix] is all I could ask for." Encouraged by Renoir, one of the first to appreciate him, he exhibited with the impressionists in 1874 and in 1877. He was received with derision, which deeply hurt him.

 Cézanne's ambition, in his own words, was "to make out of Impressionism something as solid and durable as the paintings of the museums." His aim was to achieve the monumental in a modern language of glowing, vibrating tones. Cézanne wanted to retain the natural colour of an object and to harmonise it with the various influences of light and shade trying to destroy it; to work out a scale of tones expressing the mass and character of the form.

 Cézanne loved to paint fruit because it afforded him obedient models and he was a slow worker. He did not intend to simply copy an apple. He kept the dominant colour and the character of the fruit, but heightened the emotional appeal of the form by a scheme of rich and concordant tones. In his paintings of still-life he is a master. His fruit and vegetable compositions are truly dramatic; they have the weight, the nobility, the style of immortal forms. No other painter ever brought to a red apple a conviction so heated, sympathy so genuinely spiritual, or an observation so protracted. No other painter of equal ability ever reserved for still-life his strongest impulses. Cézanne restored to painting the pre-eminence of knowledge, the most essential quality to all creative effort.

 The death of his father in 1886 made him a rich man, but he made no change in his abstemious mode of living. Soon afterwards, Cézanne retired permanently to his estate in Provence. He was probably the loneliest of painters of his day. At times a curious melancholy attacked him, a black hopelessness. He grew more savage and exacting, destroying canvases, throwing them out of his studio into the trees, abandoning them in the fields, and giving them to his son to cut into puzzles, or to the people of Aix.

 At the beginning of the century, when Vollard arrived in Provence with intentions of buying on speculation all the Cézannes he could get hold of, the peasantry, hearing that a fool from Paris was actually handing out money for old linen, produced from barns a considerable number of still-lifes and landscapes. The old master of Aix was overcome with joy, but recognition came too late. In 1906 he died from a fever contracted while painting in a downpour of rain.

Claude Monet

Résumé

Plus de livres de Nathalia Brodskaya

Critiques

Ce livre n'a pas encore de critiques