Alfred Sisley (18391899) angol nemzetiség?, de Franciaországban él? és alkotó fest?m?vész, sokak szerint a legtisztább impresszionista. Összesen mintegy 900 olajfestményt alkotott. Tájképein, ahol embereket alig ábrázol, els?sorban a fények játéka dominál. Felt?n? a hó iránti lelkesedése. Egy barátjának küldtt levelében írta: Minden festmény olyan helyet ábrázol, amelybe a fest? beleszeretett.

Sisley

Paul Gauguin (Paris, 1848 - Atuona, Iles Marquises 1903)

Paul Gauguin fut tout d'abord marin puis agent de change émérite à Paris. En 1874, il commença à peindre pendant les week-ends, tel un peintre du dimanche. Neuf ans plus tard, après un crack boursier, il sentit qu'il pourrait faire vivre sa famille en peignant et il démissionna. Sur les pas de Cézanne, Gauguin peignit des natures mortes dès le début de sa carrière artistique. Il posséda même une nature morte de Cézanne, que l'on peut observer derrière le personnage principal de son Portrait de Marie Lagadu. En 1891, Gauguin quitte la France pour Tahiti où il resta jusqu'en 1893. Son séjour à Tahiti fut déterminant pour sa vie et sa carrière future. Après un retour en France, il repart à Tahiti en 1895 et y restera le restant de sa vie. Là, Gauguin découvrit l'art primitif, avec ses formes planes et ses couleurs violentes, celles de la nature à l'état sauvage. Avec une fidélité absolue, il les reproduisit sur sa toile. Toutes ses peintures sont le reflet d'un style caractérisé par la simplifications radicales du dessin, les couleurs brillantes, pures et lumineuses, une composition ornementale et une platitude délibérée des plans - le style qu'il appelait lui-même « symbolisme synthétique ».

Gauguin

Pierre-Auguste Renoir  werd geboren in Limoges op 25 februari 1841 en stierf in  Cagnes-sur-Mer op 3 december 1919. Hij was een Frans impressionistisch kunstschilder. Al op zijn dertiende werkte Renoir als leerling-schilder. Hij schilderde bloemen op keramiek. Toen dit proces werd geautomatiseerd moest hij overstappen op andere objecten. In 1862 sloot hij zich aan bij de Atelier Gleyre van Charles Gleyre en maakte kennis met Claude Monet, Alfred Sisley en Frederic Bazille, later ontmoette hij ook Camille Pissarro en Paul Cézanne. Hij heeft samen met Monet de principes van het impressionisme uitgewerkt. In de jaren '80 liet hij de impressionistische stijl achter zich en begon hij een zoektocht naar een vastere vorm en compositie. Hij werkte heel precies en nauwgezet, met een koeler en gladder kleurgebruik. Later keerde hij terug naar de warme kleuren en de vrijere penseelvoering. Hij maakte veel naakten in warm zonlicht (Les Baigneuses). In 1888 kreeg Pierre-Auguste Renoir een eerste aanval van reumatoide artritis, een vorm van reuma. Een jaar daarna raakte zijn rechterarm verlamd. Ondanks de pijn werkte hij door, met een penseel aan zijn pols gebonden.

Renoir

Since his death 100 years ago, Cézanne has become the most famous painter of the nineteenth century. He was born in Aix-en-Provence in 1839 and the happiest period of his life was his early youth in Provence, in company with Emile Zolá, another Italian. Following Zolá's example, Cézanne went to Paris in his twenty-first year. 

 During the Franco-Prussian war he deserted the military, dividing his time between open-air painting and the studio. He said to Vollard, an art dealer, "I'm only a painter. Parisian wit gives me a pain. Painting nudes on the banks of the Arc [a river near Aix] is all I could ask for." Encouraged by Renoir, one of the first to appreciate him, he exhibited with the impressionists in 1874 and in 1877. He was received with derision, which deeply hurt him.

 Cézanne's ambition, in his own words, was "to make out of Impressionism something as solid and durable as the paintings of the museums." His aim was to achieve the monumental in a modern language of glowing, vibrating tones. Cézanne wanted to retain the natural colour of an object and to harmonise it with the various influences of light and shade trying to destroy it; to work out a scale of tones expressing the mass and character of the form.

 Cézanne loved to paint fruit because it afforded him obedient models and he was a slow worker. He did not intend to simply copy an apple. He kept the dominant colour and the character of the fruit, but heightened the emotional appeal of the form by a scheme of rich and concordant tones. In his paintings of still-life he is a master. His fruit and vegetable compositions are truly dramatic; they have the weight, the nobility, the style of immortal forms. No other painter ever brought to a red apple a conviction so heated, sympathy so genuinely spiritual, or an observation so protracted. No other painter of equal ability ever reserved for still-life his strongest impulses. Cézanne restored to painting the pre-eminence of knowledge, the most essential quality to all creative effort.

 The death of his father in 1886 made him a rich man, but he made no change in his abstemious mode of living. Soon afterwards, Cézanne retired permanently to his estate in Provence. He was probably the loneliest of painters of his day. At times a curious melancholy attacked him, a black hopelessness. He grew more savage and exacting, destroying canvases, throwing them out of his studio into the trees, abandoning them in the fields, and giving them to his son to cut into puzzles, or to the people of Aix.

 At the beginning of the century, when Vollard arrived in Provence with intentions of buying on speculation all the Cézannes he could get hold of, the peasantry, hearing that a fool from Paris was actually handing out money for old linen, produced from barns a considerable number of still-lifes and landscapes. The old master of Aix was overcome with joy, but recognition came too late. In 1906 he died from a fever contracted while painting in a downpour of rain.

Cézanne

Pierre-Auguste Renoir war Augenzeuge vieler bedeutender Ereignisse. Sein jüngerer Bruder Edmond erzählte: "Seine Kohlezeichnungen an den Mauern brachten die Eltern auf den Gedanken, dass er ein malerisches Talent besitze, und sie schickten ihn in die Lehre zu einem Porzellanmaler. Er hat also Glück gehabt, was nicht so oft vorkommt." Bald darauf entstand das erste Bild des künftigen Impressionisten. Er bestand 1862 die Aufnahmeprüfungen an der Ecole des Beaux-Arts und nahm sein Studium in der Werkstatt von Charles Gleyre auf. Viel später, als bereits ausgereifter Künstler, erhielt Renoir die Möglichkeit, das Schaffen von Rembrandt direkt in Holland, die Werke von Velázquez, Goya und El Greco in Spanien und die Raphaels in Italien kennen zu lernen. Aber die erste Ausstellung der Impressionisten war für Renoir der erste Schritt zur Behauptung seiner eigenen künstlerischen Sicht. Ab 1873 ließ er sich auf dem Montmartre nieder, wo er bis 1884 lebte. Dort fand er auch seine Familie und lernte in den 1870er Jahren seine treuesten Freunde kennen. Auf der dritten Impressionisten-Ausstellung im Jahr 1877 zeigte Renoir ein ganzes Panorama von Bildern (über 20 Arbeiten). Darunter waren viele Landschaften, die in Paris an der Seine, in der Umgebung der Stadt und im Garten Monets gemalt worden waren, Studien von Frauenköpfen und Blumensträußen, Portraits, aber auch Die Schaukel und Ball im Moulin de la Galette. Durand-Ruel veranstaltete 1883 auf dem Boulevard de la Madeleine in Paris die erste Einzelausstellung Renoirs, auf der 70 Werke gezeigt wurden. Damit begann für Renoir eine Glückssträhne. Seine Bilder wurden in London, Brüssel und auf der Siebten Internationalen Ausstellung bei Georges Petit im Jahre 1886 ausgestellt. In einem Brief schrieb der Maler: "Die Ausstellung von Petit ist eröffnet und soll Erfolg haben. Es ist ja so schwer, über sich selbst zu urteilen. Ich glaube, es ist mir gelungen, einen Schritt auf dem Weg zur Achtung des Publikums zu tun, einen kleinen Schritt. Aber immerhin."

Lautrec studied with two of the most admired academic painters of the day, Léon Bonnat and Fernand Cormon. Lautrec's time in the studios of Bonnat and Cormon had the advantage of introducing him to the nude as a subject. At that time life-drawing of the nude was the basis of all academic art training in nineteenth-century Paris. While still a student, Lautrec began to explore Parisian nightlife, which was to provide him with his greatest inspiration, and eventually undermined his health. Lautrec was an artist able to stamp his vision of the age in which he lived upon the imagination of future generations. Just as we see the English court of Charles I through the eyes of van Dyck and the Paris of Louis-Philippe through the eyes of Daumier, so we see the Paris of the 1890s and its most colourful personalities, through the eyes of Lautrec. The first great personality of Parisian nightlife whom Lautrec encountered - and a man who was to play an important role in helping Lautrec develop his artistic vision - was the cabaret singer Aristide Bruant. Bruant stood out as an heroic figure in what was the golden age of Parisian cabaret. Among the many other performers inspiring Lautrec in the 1890s were the dancers La Goulue and Valentin-le-Desossé (who both appear in the famous Moulin Rouge poster), and Jane Avril and Loïe Fuller, the singers Yvette Guilbert, May Belfort and Marcelle Lender, and the actress Réjane. Lautrec was, along with Degas, one of the great poets of the brothel. Degas explored the theme in the late 1870s in a series of monotype prints that are among his most remarkable and personal works. He depicts the somewhat ungainly posturing of the prostitutes and their clients with human warmth and a satirical humour that brings these prints closer to the art of Lautrec than anything else by Degas.

However, the truthfulness with which Lautrec portrayed those aspects of life that most of his more respectable contemporaries preferred to sweep under the carpet naturally caused offence. The German critic Gensel probably spoke for many when he wrote: "There can of course be no talk of admiration for someone who is the master of the representation of all that is base and perverse. The only explanation as to how such filth - there can be no milder term for it - as Elles can be publicly exhibited without an outcry of indignations being heard is that one half of the general public does not understand the meaning of this cycle at all, and the other is ashamed of admitting that it does understand it."

Toulouse-Lautrec

"I paint what I see and not what it pleases others to see." What other words than these of Édouard Manet, seemingly so different from the sentiments of Monet or Renoir, could best define the Impressionist movement? Without a doubt, this singularity was explained when, shortly before his death, Claude Monet wrote: "I remain sorry to have been the cause of the name given to a group the majority of which did not have anything Impressionist."

In this work, Nathalia Brodskaïa examines the contradictions of this late 19th-century movement through the paradox of a group who, while forming a coherent ensemble, favoured the affirmation of artistic individuals. Between academic art and the birth of modern, non-figurative painting, the road to recognition was long. Analysing the founding elements of the movement, the author follows, through the works of each of the artists, how the demand for individuality gave rise to modern painting.

Impressionism

"Vater Pissaro", wie seine Freunde ihn gern nannten, war wohl der nüchternste der Impressionisten. Vielleicht lag es an seinem Alter (welches weitaus fortgeschrittener war, als das seiner Kollegen Monet, Sisley, Bazille und Renoir) oder vielmehr an seiner Lebenserfahrung, die seine Werke sowohl in ihren Themen als auch in ihrer Komposition durchaus ruhig und schlicht erscheinen lassen. 

Ein Mann mit einfachem Geschmack, der es genoss, die Landbevölkerung in den Straßen zu malen, auch wenn er später mit seinen Stadtansichten Berühmtheit erlangen sollte, die er mit derselben Leidenschaft fertigte, die in ihm aufkam, wenn er wieder einen stürmischen Himmel oder den vom Frost gezeichneten Morgen auf die Leinwand bannte.

Pissarro

For Claude Monet the designation `impressionist' always remained a source of pride. In spite of all the things critics have written about his work, Monet continued to be a true impressionist to the end of his very long life. He was so by deep conviction, and for his Impressionism he may have sacrificed many other opportunities that his enormous talent held out to him. Monet did not paint classical compositions with figures, and he did not become a portraitist, although his professional training included those skills. He chose a single genre for himself, landscape painting, and in that he achieved a degree of perfection none of his contemporaries managed to attain. Yet the little boy began by drawing caricatures. Boudin advised Monet to stop doing caricatures and to take up landscapes instead. The sea, the sky, animals, people, and trees are beautiful in the exact state in which nature created them - surrounded by air and light. Indeed, it was Boudin who passed on to Monet his conviction of the importance of working in the open air, which Monet would in turn transmit to his impressionist friends. Monet did not want to enrol at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts. He chose to attend a private school, L'Académie Suisse, established by an ex-model on the Quai d'Orfèvres near the Pont Saint-Michel. One could draw and paint from a live model there for a modest fee. This was where Monet met the future impressionist Camille Pissarro. Later in Gleyre's studio, Monet met Auguste Renoir Alfred Sisley, and Frédéric Bazille. Monet considered it very important that Boudin be introduced to his new friends. He also told his friends of another painter he had found in Normandy. This was the remarkable Dutchman Jongkind. His landscapes were saturated with colour, and their sincerity, at times even their naïveté, was combined with subtle observation of the Normandy shore's variable nature. At this time Monet's landscapes were not yet characterized by great richness of colour. Rather, they recalled the tonalities of paintings by the Barbizon artists, and Boudin's seascapes. He composed a range of colour based on yellow-brown or blue-grey. At the Third Impressionist Exhibition in 1877 Monet presented a series of paintings for the first time: seven views of the Saint-Lazare train station. He selected them from among twelve he had painted at the station. This motif in Monet's work is in line not only with Manet's Chemin de fer (The Railway) and with his own landscapes featuring trains and stations at Argenteuil, but also with a trend that surfaced after the railways first began to appear. In 1883, Monet had bought a house in the village of Giverny, near the little town of Vernon. At Giverny, series painting became one of his chief working procedures. Meadows became his permanent workplace. When a journalist, who had come from Vétheuil to interview Monet, asked him where his studio was, the painter answered, "My studio! I've never had a studio, and I can't see why one would lock oneself up in a room. To draw, yes - to paint, no". Then, broadly gesturing towards the Seine, the hills, and the silhouette of the little town, he declared, "There's my real studio."Monet began to go to London in the last decade of the nineteenth century. He began all his London paintings working directly from nature, but completed many of them afterwards, at Giverny. The series formed an indivisible whole, and the painter had to work on all his canvases at one time. A friend of Monet's, the writer Octave Mirbeau, wrote that he had accomplished a miracle. With the help of colours he had succeeded in recreating on the canvas something almost impossible to capture: he was reproducing sunlight, enriching it with an infinite number of reflections. Alone among the impressionists, Claude Monet took an almost scientific study of the possibilities of colour to its limits; it is unlikely that one could have gone any further in that direction.

Sisley

Résumé

Plus de livres de Nathalia Brodskaya

Critiques

Ce livre n'a pas encore de critiques