Considéré comme l'un des premiers féministes hommes, le philosophe et économiste John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) s'efforça, dans sa vie privée comme dans sa vie publique, de démontrer la nécessité d'accorder aux femmes l'égalité avec les hommes, combat dont l'apogée fut la publication de ce livre en 1869. Justice, liberté, droit à l'éducation, au travail et au suffrage, «L'Asservissement des femmes» est une oeuvre majeure dans l'histoire du féminisme et de l'émancipation des femmes.

L'asservissement des femmes

Diese Schrift von John Stuart Mill bietet eine klassische Darstellung und Verteidigung des Utilitarismus in der Ethik. Dem Autor geht es in der Abhandlung darum, zu erklären, was der Utilitarismus ist, zu zeigen, warum er die beste Theorie der Ethik darstellt, und den Utilitarismus gegen Kritik und Missverständnisse zu verteidigen. Mit dieser Arbeit trug Mill entscheidend dazu bei, eine liberale, humanistische Moraltheorie zu begründen.

Mills Werk wurde für dieses E-Book neu übersetzt. Eine Kurzbiographie und eine Einführung erläutern den historischen und gedanklichen Hintergrund.

Utilitarismus - Neu übersetzte Ausgabe (Klassiker der ofd edition)

All speculations concerning forms of government bear the impress, more or less exclusive, of two conflicting theories respecting political institutions; or, to speak more properly, conflicting conceptions of what political institutions are.

By some minds, government is conceived as strictly a practical art, giving rise to no questions but those of means and an end. Forms of government are assimilated to any other expedients for the attainment of human objects. They are regarded as wholly an affair of invention and contrivance. Being made by man, it is assumed that man has the choice either to make them or not, and how or on what pattern they shall be made. Government, according to this conception, is a problem, to be worked like any other question of business. The first step is to define the purposes which governments are required to promote. The next, is to inquire what form of government is best fitted to fulfill those purposes. Having satisfied ourselves on these two points, and ascertained the form of government which combines the greatest amount of good with the least of evil, what further remains is to obtain the concurrence of our countrymen, or those for whom the institutions are intended, in the opinion which we have privately arrived at. To find the best form of government; to persuade others that it is the best; and, having done so, to stir them up to insist on having it, is the order of ideas in the minds of those who adopt this view of political philosophy. They look upon a constitution in the same light (difference of scale being allowed for) as they would upon a steam plow, or a threshing machine.

To these stand opposed another kind of political reasoners, who are so far from assimilating a form of government to a machine, that they regard it as a sort of spontaneous product, and the science of government as a branch (so to speak) of natural history. According to them, forms of government are not a matter of choice. We must take them, in the main, as we find them. Governments can not be constructed by premeditated design. They "are not made, but grow."

Considerations on Representative Government

John Stuart Mill was born on 20th May 1806. He was a delicate child, and the extraordinary education designed by his father was not calculated to develop and improve his physical powers. "I never was a boy, " he says; "never played cricket." His exercise was taken in the form of walks with his father, during which the elder Mill lectured his son and examined him on his work. It is idle to speculate on the possible results of a different treatment. Mill remained delicate throughout his life, but was endowed with that intense mental energy which is so often combined with physical weakness. His youth was sacrificed to an idea; he was designed by his father to carry on his work; the individuality of the boy was unimportant. A visit to the south of France at the age of fourteen, in company with the family of General Sir Samuel Bentham, was not without its influence. It was a glimpse of another atmosphere, though the studious habits of his home life were maintained. Moreover, he derived from it his interest in foreign politics, which remained one of his characteristics to the end of his life. In 1823 he was appointed junior clerk in the Examiners' Office at the India House.

On Liberty

Ce traité de John Stuart Mill a été publié en 1863. Il s'inspire de la morale de Bentham, fondateur de l'utilitarisme à la toute fin du XVIIIe siècle, qui partait du principe que le plaisir est l'unique but de l'existence. Mill, son disciple, a su comprendre que même une philosophie utilitaire ne saurait se passer d'une conscience et il a voulu la doter d'un sentiment du devoir et d'une obligation morale. 
Bentham avait lancé la formule : chercher le bonheur du plus grand nombre en identifiant toujours l'intérêt de l'individu à l'intérêt universel. Sans combattre ce point de vue, Mill observe qu'on trouve d'autant mieux le bonheur personnel qu'on le cherche moins, et qu'on y parvient en travaillant au bonheur des autres, à l'amélioration du sort de l'humanité.

L'utilitarisme

The creed which accepts as the foundation of morals, Utility, or the Greatest Happiness Principle, holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intended pleasure, and the absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain, and the privation of pleasure. To give a clear view of the moral standard set up by the theory, much more requires to be said; in particular, what things it includes in the ideas of pain and pleasure; and to what extent this is left an open question. But these supplementary explanations do not affect the theory of life on which this theory of morality is grounded-namely, that pleasure, and freedom from pain, are the only things desirable as ends; and that all desirable things (which are as numerous in the utilitarian as in any other scheme) are desirable either for the pleasure inherent in themselves, or as means to the promotion of pleasure and the prevention of pain.

Now, such a theory of life excites in many minds, and among them in some of the most estimable in feeling and purpose, inveterate dislike. To suppose that life has (as they express it) no higher end than pleasure-no better and nobler object of desire and pursuit-they designate as utterly mean and grovelling; as a doctrine worthy only of swine, to whom the followers of Epicurus were, at a very early period, contemptuously likened; and modern holders of the doctrine are occasionally made the subject of equally polite comparisons by its German, French, and English assailants.

Utilitarianism

Na obra Da Liberdade de Pensamento e de Expressão, John Stuart Mill defende o direito que o indivíduo tem de pensar e agir. Não preconiza a irresponsabilidade, o pensar e o agir segundo o que aprouver ao indivíduo, e sim a responsabilidade, a liberdade de saber o que pensar e o que fazer. Que cada indivíduo opte, em liberdade, por determinada maneira de pensar e agir - eis o pensamento central do autor.

De la liberté de pensée et de discussion: Extrait de De la liberté

Pour comprendre la philosophie morale utilitariste, deux textes présentent un intérêt particulier. L’essai sur Bentham que John Stuart Mill publie en 1838, et qui apparaît ici pour la première fois en traduction, a le mérite de résumer de manière lumineuse les thèses de Jeremy Bentham, le fondateur de la doctrine utilitariste dans ses Principles of Morals and Legislation de 1789. Le Bentham fournit donc un excellent cadre pour comprendre le second texte de Mill présenté ici dans une nouvelle traduction, L’utilitarisme, publié en 1863, l’un des textes séminaux de la philosophie morale occidentale, mais qui pose des problèmes considérables d’interprétation et de compréhension.

«Le sujet de cet essai est la liberté sociale ou civile : la nature et les limites du pouvoir que la société peut légitimement exercer sur l'individu. Cette question, bien que rarement posée ou théorisée, influence profondément les controverses pratiques de notre époque par sa présence latente et devrait bientôt s'imposer comme la question vitale de l'avenir. Je considère l'utilité comme le critère absolu dans toutes les questions éthiques ; mais ici l'utilité doit être prise dans son sens le plus large : se fonder sur les intérêts permanents de l'homme en tant qu'être susceptible de progrès. Je soutiens que ces intérêts autorisent la sujétion de la spontanéité individuelle à un contrôle extérieur uniquement pour les actions de chacun qui touchent l'intérêt d'autrui.»

L'asservissement des femmes

Résumé

Plus de livres de John Stuart Mill

Critiques

Ce livre n'a pas encore de critiques