The Designs Of William Morris

La Source au bout du monde - 1

Art is long and life is short; let us at least do something before we die. We seek perfection, but can find no perfect means to bring it about; let it be enough for us if we can unite with those whose aims are right, and their means honest and feasible. I tell you if we wait for perfection in association in these days of combat we shall die before we can do anything. Help us now, you whom the fortune of your birth has helped to make wise and refined; and as you help us in our work-a-day business toward the success of the cause, instill into us your superior wisdom, your superior refinement, and you in your turn may be helped by the courage and hope of those who are not so completely wise and refined. Remember we have but one weapon against that terrible organization of selfishness which we attack, and that weapon is Union. Yes, and it should be obvious union, which we can be conscious of as we mix with others who are hostile or indifferent to the cause; organized brotherhood is that which must break the spell of anarchical Plutocracy. One man with an idea in his head is in danger of being considered a madman; two men with the same idea in common may be foolish, but can hardly be mad; ten men sharing an idea begin to act, a hundred draw attention as fanatics, a thousand and society begins to tremble, a hundred thousand and there is war abroad, and the cause has victories tangible and real; and why only a hundred thousand? You and I who agree together, it is we who have to answer that question.

Art under Plutocracy - Art and its Producers

Voilà en bref notre position d'artistes : nous sommes les derniers représentants de l'artisanat auquel la production marchande a porté un coup fatal. (William Morris, Edimbourg, 1889)Pour William Morris, la distinction entre l'art et l'artisanat, entre la conception et l'exécution, devait être abolie : tout homme, à son échelle, pouvait être producteur de beauté - que ce soit dans la réalisation d'un tableau, d'un vêtement, d'un meuble ; et tout homme également avait le droit, dans sa vie quotidienne, d'être entouré de beaux objets. (Michel Houellebecq, La carte et le territoire)

L'art et l'artisanat

Long ago there was a little land, over which ruled a regulus or kinglet, who was called King Peter, though his kingdom was but little. He had four sons whose names were Blaise, Hugh, Gregory and Ralph: of these Ralph was the youngest, whereas he was but of twenty winters and one; and Blaise was the oldest and had seen thirty winters.

Now it came to this at last, that to these young men the kingdom of their father seemed strait; and they longed to see the ways of other men, and to strive for life. For though they were king's sons, they had but little world's wealth; save and except good meat and drink, and enough or too much thereof; house-room of the best; friends to be merry with, and maidens to kiss, and these also as good as might be; freedom withal to come and go as they would; the heavens above them, the earth to bear them up, and the meadows and acres, the woods and fair streams, and the little hills of Upmeads, for that was the name of their country and the kingdom of King Peter.

The Well at the World's End

Peintre, écrivain et décorateur anglais, William Morris (1834-1896) étudie la théologie puis la peinture et l'architecture, fortement influencé par John Ruskin et Eugène Viollet-le-Duc. Il se distingue de ses amis préraphaélites par un plus grand engagement social et un retour à l'art gothique motivé par des raisons politiques de tendance libertaire et marxiste. Il rend l'industrie responsable des conditions inhumaines de la vie des ouvriers et clame son aversion pour la machine. Il oppose la créativité de l'individu à une production de masse indifférente à la valeur esthétique. Il importe, selon lui, de retrouver les coutumes et le système de production artisanale de l'époque médiévale où l'artisan le plus humble était un artiste et le plus grand artiste un artisan. Estimant qu'il faut rehausser les arts décoratifs au niveau des arts majeurs, il fonde une société qui produit et vend tableaux, sculptures, meubles, tapisseries, tissus décoratifs et vitraux. On le traite d'utopiste mais aussi de visionnaire. Le groupe des préraphaélites le suit dans cette entreprise et collabore avec lui dans son atelier artisanal d'art appliqué, baptiséArts and Crafts, qui diffuse bientôt ses inventions décoratives où domine l'arabesque florale, annonciatrice du futur modern style. Un mouvement artistique du même nom suit, où s'illustreront entre autres des artistes comme Walter Crane, Edward Burne-Jones, Ford Madox Brown et Dante Gabriel Rossetti. William Morris continue parallèlement de se vouer à la littérature. Il publie des poèmes, des essais politiques et des traductions de Virgile et d'Homère. Politiquement très engagé, il participe à la fondation de la Ligue Socialiste (ancêtre du Parti travailliste anglais) dont il dirige le journal, The Commonweal. Vers la fin de sa vie, il se consacre à l'art typographique et à l'édition d'art, réalisant de éditions enluminées extrêmement raffinées, dont celle des oeuvres complètes de Geoffrey Chaucer.

L'Art en ploutocratie

L'âge de l'ersatz - Et autres textes contre la civilisation moderne

Socialists no more than other people believe that persons are naturally equal: there are amongst men all varieties of disposition, and desires, and degrees of capacity; nevertheless these differences are inequalities are very much increased by the circumstances amongst which a man lives and by those that surrounded the lives of his parents: and these circumstances are more or less under the control of society, that is of the ordered arrangement of persons among which we live. So I say first that granted that men are born with certain tendencies those tendencies can be developed for good and evil by the conditions of our lives, and those conditions are in our own hands to deal with, taking us nation by nation as a whole. If we are careful to be prudent and wise for ourselves and just towards other people those inequalities which are natural can be used for making life pleasanter and more varied: but if we act stupidly and unjustly they become a source of misery to many, and of degradation to all.

I have admitted that men are not naturally equal, yet all persons must admit that there are certain things which we all need; in that respect we are equal: we all need food, clothes, and shelter, and clearly if we need these things we need them in sufficiency, and of good quality, or else we have not really got them. Since then these needs are common to all, it follows that if anyone is not able to satisfy his needs in these respects there is something wrong somewhere, either with nature, or the man himself, or with the society of which he forms a part and which therefore dictates to him how he shall live...

What Socialists Want - Essays on Socialism

Proviamo a immaginare una società dove bellezza e giustizia si incontrano, dove non ci sono convenzioni sociali come scuola, denaro, matrimoni e carceri e dove si respira eguaglianza tra i cittadini. Questo è l'esercizio che William Morris, scrittore, poeta ed artista inglese, ha portato avanti nel 1890 con questo romanzo utopico: l'invenzione del futuro. Il protagonista è William Guest, un militante socialista, che dopo una riunione finita con un'accesa discussione, torna a casa e si addormenta. Si sveglierà ben 113 anni dopo, nel XXI secolo, l'epoca in cui oggi viviamo. Dalla Londra di fine '800 si passa al 2003, dopo una rivoluzione negli anni '50 del 900 che ha radicalmente cambiato la società. Morris immagina il futuro per condannare il presente: lo fa con uno sguardo gentile ma capace di critiche profonde come la voglia di estirpare "inutili covi di speculazione" e "enormi fabbriche". Notizie da nessun luogo rappresenta una riflessione sull'uomo e sulla società e come tutte le utopie prevede tanto un approccio analitico quanto uno fantastico. Morris lo fa incentrando questo romanzo sui concetti di riduzione e semplificazione dei bisogni dell'uomo.

The Designs Of William Morris

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