Les portraits, les nus et les natures mortes de Tamara de Lempicka (1898-1980) résument l'esprit Art déca et Jazz Age. Ils reflètent le style de vie élégant et hédoniste d'une élite fortunée et glamour dans le Paris de l'entre-deux-guerres. Combinant une formidable technique classique et des éléments empruntés au cubisme, Tamara de Lempicka représente à l'époque le summum de la modernité, tout en s'inspirant de grands maîtres portraitistes comme Bronzino et Ingres. Ce livre célèbre la beauté rationnelle de ses meilleurs travaux réalisés entre 1920 et 1930. Il retrace l'histoire de la vie extraordinaire de cette femme séductrice et talentueuse du début du siècle en Pologne et dans la Russie des tsars, ainsi que celle de ses années glorieuses à Paris et de ses longues années de déclin aux Etats-Unis jusqu'à sa redécouverte triomphante dans les années 70, lorsque ses portraits devenaient des icônes emblématiques mondialement connues.

Tamara de Lempicka

Der Name "Edvard Munch" ruft bei den meisten Menschen eine bestimmte visuelle Assoziation hervor: Ein schädelhaftes Gesicht, angstverzerrt, einen stummen, durchdringenden Schrei des Grauens ausstoßend, während im Hintergrund eine feurige, blutrote Sonne untergeht. Der Schrei hat sich im letzten Jahrhundert zu einem ikonischen Sinnbild für die Existenzangst des modernen Menschen entwickelt. Der Schöpfer dieses Kunstwerks war, trotz des immer wiederkehrenden Wahnsinns, der Exzesse, selbstzerstörerischer Beziehungen und einer lebenslang unerfüllten Sehnsucht, ein sanftmütiger und introvertierter Mensch, der immer darauf bedacht war, sich selbst zu reflektieren. Mehr als für viele andere Künstler, war für Munch das Malen ein therapeutischer Prozess, eine Übertragung des Zustands seiner Seele auf Leinwand und Papier. Umso tröstlicher muss es gewesen sein, dass er die internationale Anerkennung seiner Kunst noch miterleben konnte: von der für Furore sorgenden Secessions-Ausstellung in Berlin bis hin zur allgemeinen Wertschätzung des Expressionismus - dessen Künstler er entscheidend mitgeprägt hatte. Dennoch waren auch seine letzten Lebensjahre nicht frei von Kummer: Er musste miterleben wie seine Kunst als "entartet" gebrandmarkt und seine Heimat von den Streitkräften des dritten Reichs besetzt wurde. 

 Dieses Ebook präsentiert Munchs aufwühlende Lebensgeschichte und eine kompakte Auswahl an Kunstwerken, die mehr sind als nur die Darstellung einer künstlerischen Entwicklung; Sie sind ein Blick in die Seele und den Geist eines genialen und vielfältigen Künstlers.

Munch

I am not interested in myself as a subject for painting, but in others, particularly womenBeautiful, sensuous and above all erotic, Gustav Klimt's paintings speak of a world of opulence and leisure, which seems aeons away from the harsh, post-modern environment we live in now. The subjects he treats allegories, portraits, landscapes and erotic figures  contain virtually no reference to external events, but strive rather to create a world where beauty, above everything else, is dominant. His use of colour and pattern was profoundly influenced by the art of Japan, ancient Egypt, and Byzantium. Ravenne, the flat, two-dimensional perspective of his paintings, and the frequently stylised quality of his images form an oeuvre imbued with a profound sensuality and one where the figure of woman, above all, reigns supreme. Klimt's very first works brought him success at an unusually young age. Gustav, born in 1862, obtained a state grant to study at Kunstgewerbeschule (the Vienna School of Arts and Crafts) at the age of fourteen. His talents as a draughtsman and painter were quickly noticed, and in 1879 he formed the Künstlercompagnie (Artists' Company) with his brother Ernst and another student, Franz Matsch. The latter part of the nineteenth century was a period of great architectural activity in Vienna. In 1857, the Emperor Franz Joseph had ordered the destruction of the fortifications that had surrounded the medieval city centre. The Ringstrasse was the result, a budding new district with magnificent buildings and beautiful parks, all paid for by public expenses. Therefore the young Klimt and his partners had ample opportunities to show off their talents, and they received early commissions to contribute to the decorations for the pageant organised to celebrate the silver wedding anniversary of the Emperor Franz Joseph and the Empress Elisabeth. In 1894, Matsch moved out of their communal studio, and in 1897 Klimt, together with his closest friends, resigned from the Künstlerhausgenossenschaft (the Cooperative Society of Austrian Artists) to form a new movement known as the Secession, of which he was immediately elected president. The Secession was a great success, holding both a first and second exhibition in 1898. The movement made enough money to commission its very own building, designed for it by the architect Joseph Maria Olbrich. Above the entrance was its motto: To each age its art, to art its freedom. From around 1897 onward, Klimt spent almost every summer on the Attersee with the Flge family. These were periods of peace and tranquillity in which he produced the landscape paintings constituting almost a quarter of his entire oeuvre. Klimt made sketches for virtually everything he did. Sometimes there were over a hundred drawings for one painting, each showing a different detail  a piece of clothing or jewellery, or a simple gesture. Just how exceptional Gustav Klimt was is perhaps reflected in the fact that he had no predecessors and no real followers. He admired Rodin and Whistler without slavishly copying them, and was admired in turn by the younger Viennese painters Egon Schiele and Oskar Kokoschka, both of whom were greatly influenced by Klimt.

Klimt

Gustav Klimt (1862-1918) war zum Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts nicht nur einer der einflussreichsten Künstler, sondern gründete zudem die Bewegung der Wiener Secession. Mithilfe dieser Bewegung übte er Kritik an der traditionellen Kunst, die sich durch ihren Widerstand gegen Veränderungen sowie Intoleranz gegenüber bestimmten modernen Vorstellungen auszeichnete. Klimt ließ sich durch den langsamen aber sicheren Niedergang sowie die Vielfalt der Kulturen der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie inspirieren. Bei Klimt spielten Erotik und Sinnlichkeit eine sehr große Rolle, und neben Schiele und Kokoschka zählte er zu den großen Meistern des Expressionismus. Das vorliegende Buch vereint eine erlesene Auswahl Klimts bekanntester Gemälde und einen Text, der den außergewhnlichen Eklektizismus dieses großen Künstlers zu vermitteln vermag.

Edvard Munch, born in 1863, was Norway's most popular artist. His brooding and anguished paintings, based on personal grief and obsessions, were instrumental in the development of Expressionism. During his childhood, the death of his parents, his brother and sister, and the mental illness of another sister, were of great influence on his convulsed and tortuous art. In his works, Munch turned again and again to the memory of illness, death and grief. During his career, Munch changed his idiom many times. At first, influenced by Impressionism and Post-impressionism, he turned to a highly personal style and content, increasingly concerned with images of illness and death. In the 1892s, his style developed a 'Synthetist' idiom as seen in The Scream (1893) which is regarded as an icon and the portrayal of modern humanity's spiritual and existential anguish. He painted different versions of it. During the 1890s Munch favoured a shallow pictorial space, and used it in his frequently frontal pictures. His work often included the symbolic portrayal of such themes as misery, sickness, and death. and the poses of his figures in many of his portraits were chosen in order to capture their state of mind and psychological condition. It also lends a monumental, static quality to the paintings. In 1892, the Union of Berlin Artists invited Munch to exhibit at its November exhibition. His paintings invoked bitter controversy at the show, and after one week the exhibition closed. In the 1930s and 1940s, the Nazis labeled his work "degenerate art", and removed his works from German museums. This deeply hurt the anti-fascist Munch, who had come to feel Germany was his second homeland. In 1908 Munch's anxiety became acute and he was hospitalized. He returned to Norway in 1909 and died in Oslo in 1944.

Burne-Jones' oeuvre can be understood as an attempt to create in paint a world of perfect beauty, as far removed from the Birmingham of his youth as possible. At that time Birmingham was a byword for the dire effects of unregulated capitalism - a booming, industrial conglomeration of unimaginable ugliness and squalor.

The two great French symbolist painters, Gustave Moreau and Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, immediately recognised Burne-Jones as an artistic fellow traveller. But, it is very unlikely that Burne-Jones would have accepted or even, perhaps, have understood the label of 'symbolist'. Yet he seems to have been one of the most representative figures of the symbolist movement and of that pervasive mood termed "fin-de-siecle".

Burne-Jones is usually labelled as a Pre-Raphaelite. In fact he was never a member of the Brotherhood formed in 1848. Burne-Jones' brand of Pre-Raphaelitism derives not from Hunt and Millais but from Dante Gabriel Rossetti.

Burne-Jones' work in the late 1850s is, moreover, closely based on Rossetti's style. His feminine ideal is also taken from that of Rossetti, with abundant hair, prominent chins, columnar necks and androgynous bodies hidden by copious medieval gowns. The prominent chins remain a striking feature of both artists' depictions of women. From the 1860s their ideal types diverge. As Rossetti's women balloon into ever more fleshy opulence, Burne-Jones' women become more virginal and ethereal to the point where, in some of the last pictures, the women look anorexic.

In the early 1870s Burne-Jones painted several mythical or legendary pictures in which he seems to have been trying to exorcise the traumas of his celebrated affair with Mary Zambaco.

No living British painter between Constable and Bacon enjoyed the kind of international acclaim that Burne-Jones was accorded in the early 1890s. This great reputation began to slip in the latter half of the decade, however, and it plummeted after 1900 with the triumph of Modernism.

With hindsight we can see this flatness and the turning away from narrative as characteristic of early Modernism and the first hesitant steps towards Abstraction. It is not as odd at it seems that Kandinsky cited Rossetti and Burne-Jones as forerunners of Abstraction in his book, "Concerning the Spiritual in Art".

Burne-Jones

Gustav Klimt nasceu na Áustria em 1862 e passou a sua vida profissional em Viena, cidade cujo caos artístico era um local extraordinário para viver. No início da sua carreira recebeu uma comissão para pintar uma série de frescos, e recebeu o prémio "Cruz de Ouro para Mérito Artístico" pelos seus murais em Burgtheater. O seu nome contudo está mais ligado à Secessão Vienense. Este movimento revolucionário separou-se definitivamente do público, da arte académica.

A atmosfera de Nuda Veritas de Klimt pode ser associada à lenta languidez das óperas de Strauss ou às produções teatrais de Schnitzler. As suas pinturas, assim como alguns dos seus desenhos que escaparam ao fogo, demonstram uma sensualidade de rara delicadeza. Para Klimt "Toda a arte é erótica", quer seja expressa pela extravagante decoração Bizantina da sua obra Judith I, ou através da simples nudez.

Tamara de Lempicka

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