Paul Cézanne, um contemporâneo dos Impressionistas, a cuja influência se submeteu no início da sua carreira, rapidamente se encaminhou para uma procura mais pessoal o que o tornou o "pai da pintura moderna". Destaca-se a sua grande influência sobre Braque e Picasso. Pouco reconhecido em vida, ridicularizado pelos críticos, Cézanne estabeleceu contudo uma nova visão da natureza baseada no estudo das cores e do espaço o qual criava com pinceladas largas e fluidas. 

Estas telas permitem-nos apreciar a evolução estilista de Cézanne, assim como a diversidade dos seus temas: paisagens (As margens do Marne, O Monte Saint-victoire), cenas da vida (Rapariga ao piano 'Ouverture para Tannhäuser'), naturezas mortas (Frutas), retratos (o Fumador) e auto-retratos.

Cézanne

Die naive Kunst erlangte erstmals gegen Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts Popularität. Bis zu jener Zeit hatte sich diese von Autodidakten ohne formale Ausbildung praktizierte und durch Spontaneität und Einfachheit charakterisierte Ausdrucksform nur geringer Wertschätzung bei "professionellen" Künstlern und Kunstkritikern erfreut. Die von der primitiven Kunst beeinflusste naive Malerei ist durch die Präzision ihrer Linienführung, ihre Lebendigkeit und fröhlichen Farben sowie durch klare und einfache Formen charakterisiert.

Die naive Kunst wird in Frankreich durch Künstler wie Henri Rousseau, Séraphine de Senlis, André Bauchant und Camille Bombois vertreten. Sie hat aber auch in anderen Ländern namhafte Vertreter, etwa Joan Miró, Guido Vedovato, Niko Pirosmani und Ivan Generalic gefunden.

Naive Kunst

Edouard Manet 

(Paris, 1832 - 1883)

Manet est l'un des plus célèbres artistes de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, lié aux impressionnistes sans faire vraiment partie de leur groupe. Chérissant son indépendance, il eut une grande influence sur la peinture française, en partie due au choix de ses sujets tirés de la vie quotidienne, de son usage de couleurs pures et de sa technique rapide et libre. C'est son ouvre qui assura la transition entre le réalisme de Courbet et la vision novatrice des impressionnistes.

Issu de la grande bourgeoisie, il choisit de devenir peintre après avoir raté son entrée à l'Ecole navale. Il se forma auprès de Thomas Couture, un peintre académique, mais c'est grâce à ses nombreux voyages à travers l'Europe qu'il entreprit dès 1852, qu'il commença à se faire une idée de ce qu'allait être son style propre.

Ses premières peintures étaient essentiellement des scènes de genre, inspirées par son amour pour les maîtres espagnols comme Velazquez et Goya, et le portrait. C'est en 1863 qu'il présenta son chef-d'ouvre Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe au Salon des refusés. Son ouvre déclenchant une polémique entre les défenseurs de l'art académique et les jeunes artistes « refusés », il devint le chef de file de cette nouvelle génération d'artistes.

A partir de 1864, le salon officiel accepta ses travaux, provoquant toujours de véhémentes protestations comme ce fut le cas avec Olympia en 1865. En 1866, l'écrivain Zola écrivit un article en faveur du travail de Manet. A cette époque, le peintre était ami avec tous les futurs grands maîtres impressionnistes : Edgar Degas, Claude Monet, Auguste Renoir, Alfred Sisley, Camille Pissarro et Paul Cézanne, qui s'influençaient les uns les autres ; pourtant il restait délibérément à l'extérieur du groupe. En effet, en 1874 il refusa de présenter ses peintures lors de leur première exposition. Sa dernière apparition dans un salon officiel fut en 1882 avec Un Bar aux Folies-Bergère, l'une de ses ouvres les plus connues. Atteint par la gangrène au cours de l'année 1883, il peignit des natures mortes de fleurs jusqu'au moment où il ne s'en sentit plus capable, et il mourut en laissant derrière lui un grand nombre de dessins et de peintures.

Manet

Lautrec studied with two of the most admired academic painters of the day, Léon Bonnat and Fernand Cormon. Lautrec's time in the studios of Bonnat and Cormon had the advantage of introducing him to the nude as a subject. At that time life-drawing of the nude was the basis of all academic art training in nineteenth-century Paris. While still a student, Lautrec began to explore Parisian nightlife, which was to provide him with his greatest inspiration, and eventually undermined his health. Lautrec was an artist able to stamp his vision of the age in which he lived upon the imagination of future generations. Just as we see the English court of Charles I through the eyes of van Dyck and the Paris of Louis-Philippe through the eyes of Daumier, so we see the Paris of the 1890s and its most colourful personalities, through the eyes of Lautrec. The first great personality of Parisian nightlife whom Lautrec encountered - and a man who was to play an important role in helping Lautrec develop his artistic vision - was the cabaret singer Aristide Bruant. Bruant stood out as an heroic figure in what was the golden age of Parisian cabaret. Among the many other performers inspiring Lautrec in the 1890s were the dancers La Goulue and Valentin-le-Desossé (who both appear in the famous Moulin Rouge poster), and Jane Avril and Loïe Fuller, the singers Yvette Guilbert, May Belfort and Marcelle Lender, and the actress Réjane. Lautrec was, along with Degas, one of the great poets of the brothel. Degas explored the theme in the late 1870s in a series of monotype prints that are among his most remarkable and personal works. He depicts the somewhat ungainly posturing of the prostitutes and their clients with human warmth and a satirical humour that brings these prints closer to the art of Lautrec than anything else by Degas.

However, the truthfulness with which Lautrec portrayed those aspects of life that most of his more respectable contemporaries preferred to sweep under the carpet naturally caused offence. The German critic Gensel probably spoke for many when he wrote: "There can of course be no talk of admiration for someone who is the master of the representation of all that is base and perverse. The only explanation as to how such filth - there can be no milder term for it - as Elles can be publicly exhibited without an outcry of indignations being heard is that one half of the general public does not understand the meaning of this cycle at all, and the other is ashamed of admitting that it does understand it."

Toulouse-Lautrec

Alfred Sisley (Paris, 1839 - Moret-Sur-Loing, 1899)

Alfred Sisley naquit à Paris le 30 octobre 1839 dans une famille anglaise. Ayant atteint ses dix-huit ans, ses parents l'envoyèrent en Angleterre. C'est alors, probablement, qu'il pressentit, devant la facture libre des paysages, à l'apparence d'esquisses, de Turner et Constable, sa vocation pour la peinture. Le destin amena Sisley, en octobre 1862, dans le même atelier libre de Charles Gleyre, où étaient venus étudier Claude Monet, Auguste Renoir et Frédéric Bazille. C'est Sisley qui avait incité ses amis à en finir avec l'apprentissage chez Gleyre et à partir peindre dans la nature. Il était indigné, beaucoup plus que ses amis, par l'attitude hautaine de Gleyre envers le paysage. Pour Sisley, le paysage fut, dès le début, non seulement un genre pictural essentiel, mais, en fait, le seul et unique auquel il travaillât toute sa vie. Après avoir quitté Gleyre, Sisley peignit souvent en compagnie de Monet, Renoir et Bazille dans les environs de Paris.

À partir de 1870, dans la peinture de Sisley commencèrent à apparaître les premières caractéristiques de la manière qui sera plus tard celle de la peinture impressionniste. À partir de ce moment, le coloris des tableaux de Sisley devient nettement plus clair. Cette nouvelle technique crée une impression de vibration de l'eau, de moirures colorées à sa surface et de transparence de l'atmosphère. Dans la peinture de Sisley, la lumière était née. Sisley peignit une quantité de paysages des bords de la Seine. Il découvrit Argenteuil et la petite ville de Villeneuve-la-Garenne, qui resta dans son oeuvre comme l'image du silence et de la tranquillité, d'un monde que la civilisation et l'industrie n'avaient pas encore défiguré.

Contrairement à Pissarro, il ne recherchait pas l'exactitude prosaïque. Ses paysages se colorent toujours de son attitude émotionnelle à leur égard. Comme chez Monet, les ponts chez Sisley se fondent dans le paysage d'une façon toute naturelle. Un ciel bleu serein se reflète sur la surface à peine frémissante du fleuve. Après la première exposition impressionniste, Sisley passa plusieurs mois en Angleterre. À son retour d'Angleterre, Sisley déménagea de Louveciennes à Marly-le-Roi. Vers cette époque, Sisley était véritablement devenu le peintre de l'eau. Elle l'ensorcelait, l'obligeait à scruter sa surface changeante et à étudier les nuances de sa couleur, comme le faisait Monet dans les prés de Giverny. Les paysages consacrés à l'inondation de Port-Marly sont une apothéose. Le peintre joue avec l'espace et la perspective, et finalement trouve la seule solution : la maison rose est figée dans un monde où le ciel se confond avec la terre, où le reflet frissonne à peine et les nuages glissent lentement. Sisley est le seul impressionniste dont les paysages ne se limitent pas à la beauté changeante de la nature, mais se prolongent dans le domaine tantôt du rêve, tantôt de la réflexion philosophique.

Sisley

For Claude Monet the designation `impressionist' always remained a source of pride. In spite of all the things critics have written about his work, Monet continued to be a true impressionist to the end of his very long life. He was so by deep conviction, and for his Impressionism he may have sacrificed many other opportunities that his enormous talent held out to him. Monet did not paint classical compositions with figures, and he did not become a portraitist, although his professional training included those skills. He chose a single genre for himself, landscape painting, and in that he achieved a degree of perfection none of his contemporaries managed to attain. Yet the little boy began by drawing caricatures. Boudin advised Monet to stop doing caricatures and to take up landscapes instead. The sea, the sky, animals, people, and trees are beautiful in the exact state in which nature created them - surrounded by air and light. Indeed, it was Boudin who passed on to Monet his conviction of the importance of working in the open air, which Monet would in turn transmit to his impressionist friends. Monet did not want to enrol at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts. He chose to attend a private school, L'Académie Suisse, established by an ex-model on the Quai d'Orfèvres near the Pont Saint-Michel. One could draw and paint from a live model there for a modest fee. This was where Monet met the future impressionist Camille Pissarro. Later in Gleyre's studio, Monet met Auguste Renoir Alfred Sisley, and Frédéric Bazille. Monet considered it very important that Boudin be introduced to his new friends. He also told his friends of another painter he had found in Normandy. This was the remarkable Dutchman Jongkind. His landscapes were saturated with colour, and their sincerity, at times even their naïveté, was combined with subtle observation of the Normandy shore's variable nature. At this time Monet's landscapes were not yet characterized by great richness of colour. Rather, they recalled the tonalities of paintings by the Barbizon artists, and Boudin's seascapes. He composed a range of colour based on yellow-brown or blue-grey. At the Third Impressionist Exhibition in 1877 Monet presented a series of paintings for the first time: seven views of the Saint-Lazare train station. He selected them from among twelve he had painted at the station. This motif in Monet's work is in line not only with Manet's Chemin de fer (The Railway) and with his own landscapes featuring trains and stations at Argenteuil, but also with a trend that surfaced after the railways first began to appear. In 1883, Monet had bought a house in the village of Giverny, near the little town of Vernon. At Giverny, series painting became one of his chief working procedures. Meadows became his permanent workplace. When a journalist, who had come from Vétheuil to interview Monet, asked him where his studio was, the painter answered, "My studio! I've never had a studio, and I can't see why one would lock oneself up in a room. To draw, yes - to paint, no". Then, broadly gesturing towards the Seine, the hills, and the silhouette of the little town, he declared, "There's my real studio."Monet began to go to London in the last decade of the nineteenth century. He began all his London paintings working directly from nature, but completed many of them afterwards, at Giverny. The series formed an indivisible whole, and the painter had to work on all his canvases at one time. A friend of Monet's, the writer Octave Mirbeau, wrote that he had accomplished a miracle. With the help of colours he had succeeded in recreating on the canvas something almost impossible to capture: he was reproducing sunlight, enriching it with an infinite number of reflections. Alone among the impressionists, Claude Monet took an almost scientific study of the possibilities of colour to its limits; it is unlikely that one could have gone any further in that direction.

Claude Monet

Naive art first became popular at the end of the 19th century. Until that time, this form of expression, created by untrained artists and characterised by spontaneity and simplicity, enjoyed little recognition from professional artists and art critics. Influenced by primitive arts, naive painting is distinguished by the fluidity of its lines, vivacity, and joyful colours, as well as by its rather clean-cut, simple shapes.
Naive art counts among it artists: Henri Rousseau, Séraphine de Senlis, André Bauchant, and Camille Bombois. This movement has also found adherents abroad, including such prominent artists as Joan Miró, Guido Vedovato, Niko Pirosmani, and Ivan Generalic.

Cézanne

Résumé

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