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Taxing Wages provides unique information on the taxes paid on
wages in OECD countries.   It covers personal income taxes and social
security contributions paid by employees; social security contributions
and payroll taxes paid by employers and cash benefits paid by in-work
families.   The purpose is to illustrate how these taxes and benefits
are calculated in each member country and to examine how they impact on
household incomes.   The results also enable quantitative cross-country
comparisons of labour cost levels and the overall tax and benefit
position of single persons and families on different levels of earnings.

The publication shows this information for eight household types
which vary by income level and household composition and the results
reported include the marginal and average tax burdens for one and two
earner families and the total labour costs of employers.  These data are
widely used in academic research and in the preparation and evaluation
of social and economic policy making.

Taxing Wages 2013 includes a special feature entitled: 'Average personal income tax rate and tax wedge progression in OECD countries.

Taxing wages 2013

The global fleet of powered two-wheelers (PTWs) is constantly increasing. In many countries, motorcycles, scooters and mopeds play a significant role in mobility, particularly in many of the world's large cities. As such, PTWs are becoming an important component of the transport system. However, they represent an important challenge for road safety. PTW riders are at far more risk than car drivers per kilometre ridden in terms of fatalities and severe injuries entailing long-term disability. Moreover, they have not benefited from safety improvements at the same pace as car occupants over recent decades. Addressing the issue of PTW safety is thus an essential contribution to the success of the United Nations' Decade of Action for Road Safety, which aims at halving the expected number of road deaths worldwide by 2020.This report reviews recent trends in powered two-wheeler crashes, the factors contributing to these crashes and their severity. It describes a set of countermeasures targeting user behaviours, the use of protective equipment, the vehicles and the infrastructure. Finally, it discusses motorcycle safety strategies in the contex

Improving safety for motorcycle, scooter and moped riders

Les examens environnementaux de l'OCDE sont des évaluations indépendantes des progrès accomplis par les pays pour tenir leurs engagements environnementaux nationaux et internationaux. Ces examens ont pour objectif de favoriser les échanges de bonnes pratiques et l'apprentissage entre pairs, d'aider les gouvernements à rendre compte de leurs politiques auprès des autres pays et de l'opinion publique et d'améliorer la performance environnementale, individuelle et collective, des pays. Les analyses s'appuient sur un large éventail de données économiques et environnementales et contiennent également des recommandations de politique publique. Au cours de chaque cycle d'examens environnementaux, l'OCDE passe en revue l'ensemble de ses pays membres ainsi que certains pays partenaires. Les derniers pays examinés sont la Suède (2014), l'Islande (2014) et l'Espagne (2015). Ce rapport est le troisième examen environnemental de la Pologne. Il évalue les progrès accomplis par la Pologne en termes de développement durable et de croissance verte, avec un accent particulier sur la forêt et la biodiversité ainsi que la gestion des déchets et des matières.

Pologne-examens environnementaux de l'OCDE 2015

Science, technologie et industrie perspectives de l'OCDE 2004

Réformes économiques : Objectif croissance

Expanding airport capacity in large metropolitan areas is difficult. Community agreements on noise constrain growth at existing airports. Land prices can be prohibitive for relocating airports. Most new sites require extensive investment in surface transport links to city centres. In multi-airport regions, options for expansion at the airports are to an extent interdependent, complicating assessment of whether to build new runways.

Many major airports are hubs for network carriers at the same time as serving a large local market. The complementarity between these functions may be a prerequisite for viable network operations, suggesting that distributing services over multiple airports instead of expanding the main hub would be costly. Hub airports and their network carriers often compete with hubs in neighbouring regions. The strategies of network carriers and potential new entrants to this part of the market need to be taken into account in assessing future demand for airport capacity. The requirements of low cost and other point-to-point carriers are equally important, but different.

This report reviews international experience in reconciling planning and environmental constraints with demand for airport capacity and the potential benefits in terms of productivity and growth from developing international airline services. Experience is compared in London, New York, Tokyo, Osaka, Sydney and in Germany's main airports with particular attention to the dynamics of airline markets and implications for airport planning in multi-airport cities.

Expanding Airport Capacity in Large Urban Areas

Perspectives de l'emploi de l'OCDE - Sortir de la crise de l'emploi

Ports and cities are historically strongly linked, but the link between port and city growth has become weaker. Economic benefits often spill over to other regions, whereas negative impacts are localised in the port-city. How can ports regain their role as drivers of urban economic growth and how can negative port impacts be mitigated? Those are the questions that this report aims to answer.

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