This review assesses regulatory management in Kazakhstan. It provides concrete recommendations on strategies, institutions and tools to improve the quality of the regulatory environment in Kazakhstan.

Regulatory policy in Kazakhstan - Towards improved implementation

This 2016 OECD Economic Survey of Costa Rica examines recent economic developments, policies and prospects. The special chapters cover: Inclusive growth and Productivity.

OECD Economic Surveys : Costa Rica 2016 - Economic Assessment

This volume contains data on energy supply and consumption in original units for coal, oil, gas, electricity, heat, renewables and waste. Complete data are available for 2011 and 2012 and supply estimates are available for the most recent year (ie 2013). Historical tables summarise data on production, trade and final consumption. The book also includes definitions of products and flows and explanatory notes on the individual country data. In the 2014 edition of Energy Balances of OECD Countries, the sister volume of this publication, the data are presented as comprehensive energy balances expressed in million tonnes of oil equivalent.

Energy Statistics of OECD Countries 2014

This study first analyses an old and recurring form of instability in the region: conflict over resources. A series of case studies  examines the causes of these conflicts with reference to the associated regional challenges and response tools. Secondly, the study addresses terrorism, a relatively new dimension of insecurity. It outlines the development of AQMI and Boko Haram and then focuses on a comparative analysis of legal mechanisms to fight against terrorism. The argument holds that the congruence of these insecurities and the current violent crises present an unprecedented risk of destabilisation for West Africa and the international community.

Conflict over resources and terrorism - two facets of insecurity - west african studies

This report examines cross-border collaboration on innovation, building on case studies of cross-border areas that include the following countries: Finland, Sweden, Norway, Estonia, Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, United Kingdom and Ireland.

Regions and Innovation - Collaborating across Borders

Ce rapport passe en revue les défis et les opportunités associés à la conception et à l'utilisation de systèmes d'indicateurs dans le contexte de la gouvernance pluriniveaux. Il met à profit l'expérience acquise par plusieurs pays de l'OCDE et consacre un examen plus poussé aux cas de l'Italie, du Royaume-Uni (Angleterre), des États-Unis et de l'Union européenne. Ce rapport s'appuie sur les précédents travaux de l'OCDE concernant la gouvernance des politiques de développement régional. Il applique aux systèmes d'indicateurs de performances les enseignements qu'on a pu tirer sur les relations contractuelles entre les différents niveaux d'administration.

Conduire les politiques de développement régional - Les indicateurs de performance

Taxing Wages provides unique information on the taxes paid on
wages in OECD countries.   It covers personal income taxes and social
security contributions paid by employees; social security contributions
and payroll taxes paid by employers and cash benefits paid by in-work
families.   The purpose is to illustrate how these taxes and benefits
are calculated in each member country and to examine how they impact on
household incomes.   The results also enable quantitative cross-country
comparisons of labour cost levels and the overall tax and benefit
position of single persons and families on different levels of earnings.

The publication shows this information for eight household types
which vary by income level and household composition and the results
reported include the marginal and average tax burdens for one and two
earner families and the total labour costs of employers.  These data are
widely used in academic research and in the preparation and evaluation
of social and economic policy making.

Taxing Wages 2013 includes a special feature entitled: 'Average personal income tax rate and tax wedge progression in OECD countries.

Taxing wages 2013

The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by over 100 jurisdictions which participate in the work of the Global Forum on an equal footing. 

The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes.  These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004, which has been incorporated in the UN Model Tax Convention.  

The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. "Fishing expeditions" are not authorised, but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard.

All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction's legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework.  Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined - Phase 1 plus Phase 2 - reviews. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. 

All review reports are published once approved by the Global Forum and they thus represent agreed Global Forum reports.

For more information on the work of the Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes, and for copies of the published review reports, please visit www.eoi-tax.org (Lien -> http://www.eoi-tax.org/).

Sweden 2013 Peer Review Report

The Latin American Economic Outlook is the OECD Development Centre’s annual analysis of economic developments in Latin America. It is produced in partnership with the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) as well as CAF, the development bank of Latin America. Each edition includes a detailed macroeconomic overview as well as analysis of how the global context is shaping economic performance in the region. The Latin American Economic Outlook also takes an in-depth look at a special theme related to development in Latin America, taking into account future strategic challenges and opportunities. The 2015 edition focuses on the role of education, skills and innovation for development, taking stock of the current situation in the region, identifying the main challenges and opportunities in these fields, and presenting a series of policy areas where action is needed to impulse Latin America’s development.

Regulatory policy in Kazakhstan - Towards improved implementation

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