Based on the work of William James on Pragmatism Method, this book deals with the question : What Pragmatism Means? "The pragmatic method is primarily a method of settling metaphysical disputes that otherwise might be interminable. Is the world one or many? - fated or free? - material or spiritual? - here are notions either of which may or may not hold good of the world; and disputes over such notions are unending. The pragmatic method is to try to interpret each notion by tracing its respective practical consequences. What difference would it practically make to any one if this notion rather than that one were true? If no practical difference whatever can be traced, then the alternatives mean practically the same thing, and all dispute is idle. Whenever a dispute is serious, we ought to be able to show some practical difference that must follow from one side or the other's being right..."

What Pragmatism Means

What is an Emotion? 
Our natural way of thinking about the standard emotions is that the mental perception of some fact excites the mental affection called the emotion, and that this latter state of mind gives rise to the bodily expression. The thesis on the contrary is that the bodily changes follow directly the PERCEPTION of the exciting fact, and that our feeling of the same changes as they occur IS the emotion. 

"Common sense says, we lose our fortune, are sorry and weep; we meet a bear, are frightened and run; we are insulted by a rival, are angry and strike. The hypothesis here to be defended says that this order of sequence is incorrect, that the one mental state is not immediately induced by the other, that the bodily manifestations must first be interposed between, and that the more rational statement is that we feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble, and not that we cry, strike, or tremble, because we are sorry, angry, or fearful, as the case may be. Without the bodily states following on the perception, the latter would be purely cognitive in form, pale, colourless, destitute of emotional warmth. We might then see the bear, and judge it best to run, receive the insult and deem it right to strike, but we could not actually feel afraid or angry. 
--- 
The functions and acts of ordinary life, it is true, still remain to me; but in every one of them there is something wanting - to wit, the feeling which is proper to them, and the pleasure which follows them. ... Each of my senses, each part of my proper self, is as it were separated from me and can no longer afford me any feeling; this impossibility seems to depend upon a void which I feel in the front of my head, and to be due to the diminution of the sensibility over the whole surface of my body, for it seems to me that I never actually reach the objects which I touch...

What is an Emotion? - The Physiology of Emotion

Les quinze conférences prononcées par W. James devant de futurs enseignants traitent librement de questions pédagogiques aussi diverses que celles de l'éducation de la volonté, de la formation des habitudes, de la mémoire, de l'acquisition des idées et de l'intérêt, etc.. Si librement d'ailleurs qu'il se voit conduit à trois paradoxes : — invité en tant que psychologue célèbre, il marquera surtout les limites de sa discipline et en démasquera les abus ; — fondateur de la théorie des comportements, il défendra avec vigueur la conception la plus humaniste de l'unité de la conscience ; — réputé utilitariste, il affirmera la liberté individuelle la plus réfractaire au conformisme. Eduquer ne consiste pas seulement à créer dans l'enfant de "bonnes" associations et à détruire les "mauvaises", mais à stimuler le dynamisme associatif. L'avenir est à-venir ; il serait criminel d'inculquer mécaniquement des stéréotypes comportementaux. Le plus anglo-saxon des psychologues oppose, avec Bergson, à la pédagogie "close" qui se réclame encore trop souvent de lui, une pédagogie "ouverte" vers la liberté.

Conférences sur l'éducation - Psychologie et éducation

Philosophie de l'experience / William James, ...; traduit par E. Le Brun et M. ParisDate de l'edition originale: 1910"Collection: Bibliotheque de philosophie scientifique"Ce livre est la reproduction fidele d'une oeuvre publiee avant 1920 et fait partie d'une collection de livres reimprimes a la demande editee par Hachette Livre, dans le cadre d'un partenariat avec la Bibliotheque nationale de France, offrant l'opportunite d'acceder a des ouvrages anciens et souvent rares issus des fonds patrimoniaux de la BnF.Les oeuvres faisant partie de cette collection ont ete numerisees par la BnF et sont presentes sur Gallica, sa bibliotheque numerique.En entreprenant de redonner vie a ces ouvrages au travers d'une collection de livres reimprimes a la demande, nous leur donnons la possibilite de rencontrer un public elargi et participons a la transmission de connaissances et de savoirs parfois difficilement accessibles.Nous avons cherche a concilier la reproduction fidele d'un livre ancien a partir de sa version numerisee avec le souci d'un confort de lecture optimal. Nous esperons que les ouvrages de cette nouvelle collection vous apporteront entiere satisfaction.Pour plus d'informations, rendez-vous sur www.hachettebnf.frhttp: //gallica.bnf.fr/ark: /12148/bpt6k5488427p

Philosophie de l'expérience

On mesure mal aujourd'hui l'importance de la psychologie de James (1842-1910) au tournant du XIXe siècle. On ne connaît pas toujours l'influence considérable des Principes de psychologie, puis du Précis dans le champ de la psychologie et de la philosophie, mais aussi sur le terrain de la sociologie et de l'anthropologie et jusque dans le domaine littéraire. Des philosophes aussi divers que Husserl, Whitehead, Bergson, Russell ou Wittgenstein y décèlent une radicale nouveauté, un point de rupture avec toute une tradition psychologique en même temps que la somme de la science psychologique du XIXe siècle. Ils y sont d'autant plus attentifs que la plupart d'entre eux s'efforcent de rompre avec un certain " psychologisme ". Peut-être même est-ce un des traits majeurs des philosophies du début du XXe siècle : conserver les positivités de la psychologie, mais pour les implanter ailleurs et autrement, tantôt dans une philosophie logique (Russell), tantôt dans une grammaire philosophique (Wittgenstein), tantôt dans une phénoménologie transcendantale (Husserl), tantôt enfin dans un empirisme métaphysique (Whitehead, Bergson). Le paradoxe est qu'elles voient dans la psychologie de James l'un des moyens de sortir de la psychologie, comme si James indiquait lui-même les limites du domaine à l'intérieur duquel il se situe pourtant. Alors une des premières questions qu'il faut soulever serait celle-ci qu'y a-t-il donc dans la psychologie de James qui échappe à la psychologie ? Peut-être est-ce par ce premier biais que s'éclaire l'un des grands classiques de la psychologie, " la somme de ce que le XIXe siècle a produit de meilleur ", rédigée par l'un des fondateurs de la psychologie expérimentale et qui sut précisément donner aux visées expérimentales une vaste portée théorique.

Précis de psychologie

William James, American psychologist and philosopher, was mainly known by his works on The Principles of Psychology and the Pragmatism. --- 
Everyone is now acquainted with the Conscious-Automaton-theory... The theory maintains that in everything outward we are pure material machines. Feeling is a mere collateral product of our nervous processes, unable to react upon them any more than a shadow reacts on the steps of the traveller whom it accompanies. Inert, uninfluential, a simple passenger in the voyage of life, it is allowed to remain on board, but not to touch the helm or handle the rigging. The theory also maintains that we are in error to suppose that our thoughts awaken each other by inward congruity or rational necessity, that disappointed hopes cause sadness, premisses conclusions, etc... The feelings are merely juxtaposed in that order without mutual cohesion, because the nerve-processes to which they severally correspond awaken each other in that order. 
It may seem strange that this latter part of the theory should be held by writers, who have openly expressed their belief in Hume's doctrine of causality. That doctrine asserts that the causality we seem to find between the terms of a physical chain of events, is an illegitimate outward projection of the inward necessity by which we feel each thought to sprout out of its customary antecedent. Strip the string of necessity from between ideas themselves, and it becomes hard indeed for a Humian to say how the notion of causality ever was born at all. 
Are We Automata?

Are We Automata?

THE pivotal part of my book named Pragmatism is its account of the relation called 'truth' which may obtain between an idea (opinion, belief, statement, or what not) and its object. 'Truth, ' I there say, 'is a property of certain of our ideas. It means their agreement, as falsity means their disagreement, with reality. Pragmatists and intellectualists both accept this definition as a matter of course.

'Where our ideas [do] not copy definitely their object, what does agreement with that object mean? ... Pragmatism asks its usual question. "Grant an idea or belief to be true, " it says, "what concrete difference will its being true make in any one's actual life? What experiences [may] be different from those which would obtain if the belief were false? How will the truth be realized? What, in short, is the truth's cash-value in experiential terms?" The moment pragmatism asks this question, it sees the answer: TRUE IDEAS ARE THOSE THAT WE CAN ASSIMILATE, VALIDATE, CORROBORATE, AND VERIFY. FALSE IDEAS ARE THOSE THAT WE CANNOT. That is the practical difference it makes to us to have true ideas; that therefore is the meaning of truth, for it is all that truth is known as.

The Meaning of Truth

The question, What are the religious propensities? and the question, What is their philosophic significance? are two entirely different orders of question from the logical point of view; and, as a failure to recognize this fact distinctly may breed confusion, I wish to insist upon the point a little before we enter into the documents and materials to which I have referred.

In recent books on logic, distinction is made between two orders of inquiry concerning anything. First, what is the nature of it? how did it come about? what is its constitution, origin, and history? And second, What is its importance, meaning, or significance, now that it is once here? The answer to the one question is given in an existential judgment or proposition. The answer to the other is a proposition of value, what the Germans call a Werthurtheil, or what we may, if we like, denominate a spiritual judgment. Neither judgment can be deduced immediately from the other. They proceed from diverse intellectual preoccupations, and the mind combines them only by making them first separately, and then adding them together.

The Varieties of Religious Experience

"What are the causes that make communities change from generation to generation, - that make the England of Queen Anne so different from the England of Elizabeth, the Harvard College of today so different from that of thirty years ago?

I shall reply to this problem. The difference is due to the accumulated influences of individuals, of their examples, their initiatives, and their decisions..." 

Great Men, Great Thoughts, and the Environment.

What Pragmatism Means

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